Chapters 15 & 16 Test Flashcards by Grace Schumacher

The genetic change in a population over time

Evolution

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Thought about species; said all organisms were related in a hierarchy that went from simple to complex organisms

Aristotle

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He thought all members of a species were identical, and that means no species changed over time

Aristotle

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French naturalist

George Louis Buffon

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Said that species could change over time

George Louis Buffon

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Said that closely related species could come from the same ancestor

George Louis Buffon

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350 BC

Aristotle

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1749

George Louis Buffon

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1785

James Hutton

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The process of erosion and sedimentation that occurred in the past and present

Uniformitarianism

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The man who came up with the theory of uniformitarianism

Changes in rock formation of the earth

James Hutton

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1798

George Cuvier

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Guy came up with the theory of catastrophism

George Cuvier

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Opposite of uniformitarianism

Catastrophism

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Said there were brief periods of natural disasters that were responsible for most geological changes

George Cuvier

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Identified many fossils and developed the Principle of Super Position

George Cuvier

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The lower layers of rocks and fossils in them were older than upper layers

Principle of Super Position

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1809

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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French taxonomist

Jean Lamarck

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Guy who tried to classify organisms and believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Jean Lamarck

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Things that happened after birth could be passed on to offspring

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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Blending theory of inheritance

Jean Lamarck

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Offspring would have intermediate traits between father and mother

Blending theory of inheritance

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1830

Charles Lyell

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Geologist that believed processes were just slow and steady

Charles Lyell

Guy who supported uniformitarianism

Charles Lyell

Wrote a book about gradual process of science "principles of geology"

Charles Lyell

1859

Charles Darwin

Sailed on the HMS Beagle to do his work

Charles Darwin

Went to the Galapagos where he developed most of his theories and studied animals

Charles Darwin

Influenced by Lyell's book

Charles Darwin

Came up with the theory of natural selection

Charles Darwin

Observed convergent evolution (species have developed similar characteristics because they were exposed to similar environmental conditions, although they are not closely related)

Charles Darwin

He studied Galapagos finches and tortoises

Charles Darwin

Species change over time from their descendants

Descent of modification

Differential reproductive success of individuals with particular genotypes

Natural selection

Natural selection involves ______ reproduction (random mating)

Natural

Book written by Charles Darwin

Origin of Species

Origin of Species was published in _____

1859

The first edition of Origin of Species did not use the word ______

Evolution

Origin of Species is based upon Charles Darwins's _______________

Voyage on the HMS Beagle

Did his observations in South America and Southeast Asia

Alfred Russel Wallace

Although separate from Darwin, this man came up with the same conclusions as him

Alfred Russel Wallace

Features that provide a selective advantage because they improve an organism's ability to survive and reproduce

Adaptations

Darwin's observations

1. Organisms that he saw were varied 2. Some variations were inherited 3. In a population, more organisms were born than survived and reproduced 4. Individuals competed for limited resources to survive

Darwin's inferences

1. Within populations, the inherited characteristics of some organisms make them more likely to survive and reproduce 2. The environment selects against nonadaptive traits 3. Over time, natural selection can change the characteristics of a population and may give rise to a new species

Examples of Darwin's inferences

Galapagos finches

During the dry season where seeds were larger/tougher, the finches with the ______ and ______ beaks would do better

Shorter and stronger

During the wet season, seeds were smaller, so finches with the ______ and _____ beaks did better

Longer and pointier

Term given that means natural selection, even though it is not very good

Survival of the fittest

Modes of natural selection

Directional Disruptive Stabilizing

One extreme phenotype is the fittest

Directional selection

Example of directional selection

Pepper winged moth

Both extreme phenotypes are selected; the intermediate is not

Disruptive selection

Example of disruptive selection

A beach snail

Extreme phenotypes are unfit; intermediate is selected

Stabilizing selection

The most common form of natural selection in stable, unchanging populations

Stabilizing selection

Example of stabilizing selection

Humans at birth weight

Multiple alleles of a gene persist indefinitely in a population

Balanced polymorphism

Why does polymorphism happen?

The heterozygote has some advantage in the population

Examples of balanced polymorphism

Sickle cell disease Cystic fibrosis Phenylketonuria Tay Sachs Disease

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The frequency of an allele

Hardy-Weinberg Conditions

1. The allele frequencies do not change 2. Mutations do not occur 3. Individuals mate at random 4. Individuals do not migrate in or out of the population 5. Population is infinitely large 6. Natural selection does not occur

Hardy-Weinberg Equations

p + q = 1 p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

How do evolutionary changes occur?

1. Mutation 2. Nonrandom mating 3. Gene flow 4. Genetic drift 5. Bottleneck effect

A change in the genetic sequence

Mutation

Mutation....

Drives evolution Natural selection acts on phenotypes Occurs by chance Can be detrimental or advantageous

Nonrandom mating that is the ability to distinguish male from female by appearance

Sexual dimorphism

Migration; immigration and emigration

Gene flow

Coming into the population

Immigration

Leaving the population

Emigration

Changes in allele frequencies purely by chance

Genetic drift

Founder Effect

1. Occurs when small groups leave their home population and establishes new settlements 2. When they leave, their new group only mates with each other 3. Rare traits may become prevalent 4. Prevalent traits may become rare

Many members of a population die, which causes the loss of genetic diversity that is permanent

Bottleneck effect