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College Biology > Chapters 15 & 16 Test > Flashcards

Chapters 15 & 16 Test Flashcards

1
Q

The genetic change in a population over time

A

Evolution

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2
Q

Thought about species; said all organisms were related in a hierarchy that went from simple to complex organisms

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

He thought all members of a species were identical, and that means no species changed over time

A

Aristotle

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4
Q

French naturalist

A

George Louis Buffon

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5
Q

Said that species could change over time

A

George Louis Buffon

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6
Q

Said that closely related species could come from the same ancestor

A

George Louis Buffon

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7
Q

350 BC

A

Aristotle

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8
Q

1749

A

George Louis Buffon

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9
Q

1785

A

James Hutton

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10
Q

The process of erosion and sedimentation that occurred in the past and present

A

Uniformitarianism

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11
Q

The man who came up with the theory of uniformitarianism

Changes in rock formation of the earth

A

James Hutton

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12
Q

1798

A

George Cuvier

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13
Q

Guy came up with the theory of catastrophism

A

George Cuvier

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14
Q

Opposite of uniformitarianism

A

Catastrophism

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15
Q

Said there were brief periods of natural disasters that were responsible for most geological changes

A

George Cuvier

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16
Q

Identified many fossils and developed the Principle of Super Position

A

George Cuvier

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17
Q

The lower layers of rocks and fossils in them were older than upper layers

A

Principle of Super Position

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18
Q

1809

A

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

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19
Q

French taxonomist

A

Jean Lamarck

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20
Q

Guy who tried to classify organisms and believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Jean Lamarck

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21
Q

Things that happened after birth could be passed on to offspring

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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22
Q

Blending theory of inheritance

A

Jean Lamarck

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23
Q

Offspring would have intermediate traits between father and mother

A

Blending theory of inheritance

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24
Q

1830

A

Charles Lyell

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25
Q

Geologist that believed processes were just slow and steady

A

Charles Lyell

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26
Q

Guy who supported uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell

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27
Q

Wrote a book about gradual process of science “principles of geology”

A

Charles Lyell

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28
Q

1859

A

Charles Darwin

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29
Q

Sailed on the HMS Beagle to do his work

A

Charles Darwin

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30
Q

Went to the Galapagos where he developed most of his theories and studied animals

A

Charles Darwin

31
Q

Influenced by Lyell’s book

A

Charles Darwin

32
Q

Came up with the theory of natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

33
Q

Observed convergent evolution (species have developed similar characteristics because they were exposed to similar environmental conditions, although they are not closely related)

A

Charles Darwin

34
Q

He studied Galapagos finches and tortoises

A

Charles Darwin

35
Q

Species change over time from their descendants

A

Descent of modification

36
Q

Differential reproductive success of individuals with particular genotypes

A

Natural selection

37
Q

Natural selection involves ______ reproduction (random mating)

38
Q

Book written by Charles Darwin

A

Origin of Species

39
Q

Origin of Species was published in _____

40
Q

The first edition of Origin of Species did not use the word ______

41
Q

Origin of Species is based upon Charles Darwins’s _______________

A

Voyage on the HMS Beagle

42
Q

Did his observations in South America and Southeast Asia

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

43
Q

Although separate from Darwin, this man came up with the same conclusions as him

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

44
Q

Features that provide a selective advantage because they improve an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

A

Adaptations

45
Q

Darwin’s observations

A
  1. Organisms that he saw were varied
  2. Some variations were inherited
  3. In a population, more organisms were born than survived and reproduced
  4. Individuals competed for limited resources to survive
46
Q

Darwin’s inferences

A
  1. Within populations, the inherited characteristics of some organisms make them more likely to survive and reproduce
  2. The environment selects against nonadaptive traits
  3. Over time, natural selection can change the characteristics of a population and may give rise to a new species
47
Q

Examples of Darwin’s inferences

A

Galapagos finches

48
Q

During the dry season where seeds were larger/tougher, the finches with the ______ and ______ beaks would do better

A

Shorter and stronger

49
Q

During the wet season, seeds were smaller, so finches with the ______ and _____ beaks did better

A

Longer and pointier

50
Q

Term given that means natural selection, even though it is not very good

A

Survival of the fittest

51
Q

Modes of natural selection

A

Directional
Disruptive
Stabilizing

52
Q

One extreme phenotype is the fittest

A

Directional selection

53
Q

Example of directional selection

A

Pepper winged moth

54
Q

Both extreme phenotypes are selected; the intermediate is not

A

Disruptive selection

55
Q

Example of disruptive selection

A

A beach snail

56
Q

Extreme phenotypes are unfit; intermediate is selected

A

Stabilizing selection

57
Q

The most common form of natural selection in stable, unchanging populations

A

Stabilizing selection

58
Q

Example of stabilizing selection

A

Humans at birth weight

59
Q

Multiple alleles of a gene persist indefinitely in a population

A

Balanced polymorphism

60
Q

Why does polymorphism happen?

A

The heterozygote has some advantage in the population

61
Q

Examples of balanced polymorphism

A

Sickle cell disease
Cystic fibrosis
Phenylketonuria
Tay Sachs Disease

62
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

The frequency of an allele

63
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Conditions

A
  1. The allele frequencies do not change
  2. Mutations do not occur
  3. Individuals mate at random
  4. Individuals do not migrate in or out of the population
  5. Population is infinitely large
  6. Natural selection does not occur
64
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equations

A

p + q = 1

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

65
Q

How do evolutionary changes occur?

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Nonrandom mating
  3. Gene flow
  4. Genetic drift
  5. Bottleneck effect
66
Q

A change in the genetic sequence

67
Q

Mutation….

A

Drives evolution
Natural selection acts on phenotypes
Occurs by chance
Can be detrimental or advantageous

68
Q

Nonrandom mating that is the ability to distinguish male from female by appearance

A

Sexual dimorphism

69
Q

Migration; immigration and emigration

70
Q

Coming into the population

A

Immigration

71
Q

Leaving the population

A

Emigration

72
Q

Changes in allele frequencies purely by chance

A

Genetic drift

73
Q

Founder Effect

A
  1. Occurs when small groups leave their home population and establishes new settlements
  2. When they leave, their new group only mates with each other
  3. Rare traits may become prevalent
  4. Prevalent traits may become rare
74
Q

Many members of a population die, which causes the loss of genetic diversity that is permanent

A

Bottleneck effect

College Biology (16 decks)

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