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college biology > Chapter 6 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

The ability to do work (move matter)

A

Energy

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2
Q

Stored energy available to do work

A

Potential energy

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3
Q

Energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

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4
Q

Amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius
(14.5—15.5)

A

calorie

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5
Q

The amount of energy required to raise one kilogram of water one degree Celsius

A

Calorie

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6
Q

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but can be converted to other forms

A

First Law of Thermodynamics; Law of the Conservation of Energy

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7
Q

When energy is transformed from one form to another, some energy is lost in the form of heat

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics; Law of Entropy

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8
Q

Tendency toward disorder; all energy transformations head towards disorder

A

Entropy

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9
Q

The universe’s entropy is always _______

A

Increasing

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10
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

A

Metabolism

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11
Q

All reactions that are making molecules

A

Anabolism

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12
Q

All reactions that are breaking things down

A

Catabolism

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13
Q

When bonds are made, energy is stored. When bonds are broken, energy is released

A

Reactions

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14
Q

Require input of energy; molecules are being built; product contains more energy than reactants

A

Endergonic reaction

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15
Q

Molecules are broken down and energy is released

A

Exergonic reactions

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16
Q

Unit of energy in the cell; required for metabolic functions

A

ATP

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17
Q

Bond between second and third phosphates in ATP contains just the right amount of ______ to fuel most metabolic reactions

A

Energy

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18
Q

One reaction often drives another reaction

A

Coupled reaction

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19
Q

Adding a phosphate to any molecule

A

Phosphorylation

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20
Q

ATP functions

A

Chemical work
Transport work
Mechanical work

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21
Q

ATP function that builds

A

Chemical work

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22
Q

ATP function that deals with moving within the cell, movement of the cell itself, or moving things across the plasma membrane

A

Transport work

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23
Q

ATP function that deals with the movement of muscles

A

Mechanical work

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24
Q

catalysts that speed up chemical reactions; usually proteins, do not get permanently changed during the reactions, and they are very specific in what they do

A

Enzymes

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25
Q

Takes hydrogen off

A

Dehydrogenase

26
Q

Step-wise sequences

A

Metabolic pathways

27
Q

Substance that is being acted upon

A

Substrate

28
Q

End molecule (what is produced)

A

Product

29
Q

Molecules that come in between the process of the reaction

A

Intermediates

30
Q

Types of metabolic pathways

A

Straight
Branch
Cycle

31
Q

Describe enzymes

A

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
Usually proteins
Do not get permanently changed during the reaction
Very specific in what they do
Recycled over and over
Usually end in the suffix “ase”
Usually tells within the word what it does or what it acts on

32
Q

A + B > C > D > E

A

Straight chain

33
Q

D >
A + B > C >
E >

A

Branch chain

34
Q 
A 
        E^      
                   B
        ^
         D
A

Cycles

35
Q

Name for the temporary molecule where the enzyme and substrate are bound together

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

36
Q

Place on the enzyme where the substrate binds with the enzyme

A

Active site

37
Q

Theory of how enzyme-substrates work

A

Induced-fit model

38
Q

Induced-fit model

A

Substrate binds to the active site
Enzyme changes shape
Shape change makes it easier for the reaction to proceed
Reaction is finished so the enzyme releases its products and returns to its original shape
Active site is available for more substrate

39
Q

Step in the induced-fit model that is the induced fit

A

Enzyme changes shape

40
Q

Energy needed for a reaction to occur

A

Energy of activation

41
Q

______ lower the energy of activation

A

Enzymes

42
Q

Effect the speed of an enzymatic reaction

A

Factors

43
Q

Factors of an enzymatic reaction

A 
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
Optimal pH
Temperature
Cofactors and coenzymes
Denaturation
44
Q

The higher the ______ concentration, the more the reaction will occur. The more ______ concentration you have, the better the reaction will be

A

Substrate; enzyme

45
Q

Human blood is 7.35-7.45

A

Optimal pH

46
Q

Reactions occur best at the regular body ______ of that organism

A

Temperature

47
Q

Their presence affects the speed of the reaction

A

Cofactors and coenzymes

48
Q

Inorganic ion needed for the active site of an enzyme to work properly

A

Cofactor

49
Q

Nonprotein organic molecule needed at the active site for the enzyme to work properly; often require vitamins to work

A

Coenzyme

50
Q

Change in the shape of an enzyme where that it no longer functions properly; caused by changes in the pH and temperature (reversible or irreversible)

A

Denaturation

51
Q

All enzymes are dependent upon their _____ to work properly

A

Shape

52
Q

Types of enzyme inhibition

A

Competitive

Noncompetitive

53
Q

Both the substrate and inhibitor can fit in the active site, but whichever one gets there first gets to stay

A

Competitive inhibition

54
Q

Inhibitor binds to the allosteric site which causes a shape change in the active site which inhibits the substrate from fitting

A

Noncompetitive inhibition

55
Q

Site other than the active site where the inhibitor bonds

A

Allosteric site

56
Q

When one of the products in a pathway inhibits a previous reaction in the pathway

A

Negative feedback

57
Q

One of the products in a pathway makes reactions go faster

A

Positive feedback

58
Q

Loss or gain of electrons; almost always coupled

A

Oxidation-reduction reactions

59
Q

Loss of electron (hydrogen ion)

A

Oxidation

60
Q

Gain of electron (hydrogen ion)

A

Reduction

61
Q

The type of molecule an enzyme is is a ______

A

Protein

college biology (16 decks)

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