Chapter 3 Test Flashcards
Molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen, and often, oxygen
Organic molecule
Short term energy source
Carbohydrates
Long term energy source
Lipids
Diverse in terms of functions
Proteins
DNA and RNA; they are genetic information and are involved in the making of proteins
Nucleic acids
Basis for all of the organic molecules because of its 4 valence electrons
Carbon atom
A carbon atom is versatile, usually forms _____ bonds, and can bond to ______
Covalent; itself
Individual units we put together to form polymers
Monomer
When chemical bonds are formed, energy is stored, when chemical bonds are broken, energy is released
Monomer >
Form bonds and store energy
Monomer > polymer
Break bonds and release energy
Polymer > monomer
Monomer > polymer
Dehydration synthesis
Polymer > monomer
Hydrolysis
Example of a carbohydrate
Glucose
In carbohydrates, the monomers are _____ _____
Simple sugars
Single simple sugars
Monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose (usually extracts energy from glucose)
Galactose
Fructose
Two monosaccharides put together
Disaccharides
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (in dairy)
Maltose
Glucose + fructose
Sucrose
Glucose + galactose
Lactose
Glucose + glucose
Maltose
3-100 simple sugars put together
Oligosaccharides
After 100 simples sugars (monomers) are put together
Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
Most abundant organic molecule; structural carb found in plant cells; EXAMPLE of a polysaccharide
Cellulose
Humans cannot digest ______
Cellulose
Structural carb in insects; makes up the insects’ exoskeletons; used in production of a suture; target for flea control PROGRAM
Chitin
In plants, where glucose is stored if they make too much; EXAMPLE
Starch
In animals, where glucose is stored (liver, some muscles)
Glycogen
The ______ is the storage closet of your body; if not needed quickly, the glucose turns into fat
Liver
These do not have a monomer > polymer relationship
Lipids
Lipids are _______
Hydrophobic
Lipids’ main function is long term ______ storage in plants and animals
Energy
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Triglycerides
At room temperature, they are solid; increases chance of heart disease
Saturated fat
At least one double bond; causes chains to bend; liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated fat
Partially hydrogenated to make them solid at room temperature
Trans fat
Phospholipids
In one molecule, part of it is hydrophilic and the other part is hydrophobic
Amphipathic
Phospholipids have a _____, polar phosphate head and a _____, nonpolar fatty acid tail
Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
Phospholipids form ______
Bilateral
Major component of the _____ membrane is that heads will face away and tails with face towards each other
Plasma
4 interconnected carbon rings
Steroids
Building block of other steroids; found in plasma membrane
Cholesterol
EXAMPLES of steroids
Vitamin B, cortisone, waterhen, testosterone, cholesterol
Fatty acids combined with an alcohol or s different carbohydrate
Waxes
EXAMPLE of a wax
Aloe plants
Shape is the most important thing
Proteins
Most diverse in structure; used for short term energy, usually
Proteins
Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell of organism
Metabolism
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (most important metabolic)
Enzymes
PROTEIN USES
Metabolism Support / structure Transport Defense Regulation Motion
Keratin = skin, hair, nails Collagen = tendons, cartilage
Support / structure
Proteins go across plasma membranes and move things throughout the body
Transport
Protein in your blood which oxygen binds to; important for transport
Hemoglobin
Proteins fight invaders of your body; antibodies (fighters)
Defense
Hormones are made in one place but can act in other places; can stimulate and inhibit the production of things
Regulation
Muscles (protein)
Contraction of muscles and cell movement
Motion
The monomers in proteins = _____ _____
Amino acids
There are only ____ amino acids in the body; 8 are essential for the body
20
Bond between an amino acid (less than 100)
Peptide bond
Bond between 2 amino acids
Dipeptide bond
Bonds greater than 100 amino acids
Polypeptide bond
Amino acid sequence
Primary level of protein structure
How it folds in certain areas of the protein
Secondary level of protein structure
Spiral shaped fold
Alpha helix
Pleated sheet shaped cold
Beta helix
Overall shape of the protein (3D); determined by its interaction with water
Tertiary
Interaction between different polypeptides of the same protein
Quaternary
Change in the shape of a protein such that it no longer functions; can be reversible, but is usually not
Desaturation
EXAMPLES of denaturation
Change in temperature
Change in pH
In nucleic acids, monomers = ______
Nucleotides
Nucleotides
Sugar
Phosphate
Base
Two types of nucleotides
DNA & RNA
Sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose
Sugar in RNA
Ribose
Bases in DNA
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Bases in RNA
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Structure in DNA
Double helix
Structure in RNA
Single stranded
Functions in DNA
Contains genetic material for the cell
Functions in RNA
Reads the DNA code and helps make proteins
Energy unit of the cell; you would shut down if you didn’t have this
Adenosine triphosphate
Must make ___ ______ ATP molecules per minute just to stay alive
2 billion
ADP + P = ___
ATP
The last phosphate bond contains enough energy to _____ and _____ it
Store; release
Molecule used by plants to store glucose
Starch
Monomer that makes up proteins
Amino acids
Base not found in RNA
Thymine
Molecule involved in long term energy storage
Lipids
Waxes are an example of ______
Lipids
This is not a function of proteins
Insulation
_______ fats are liquid at room temperature
Unsaturated
______ of a protein determines its function
Shape
Antibodies are an example of a _______
Protein
The ______ level of protein organization involved its amino acid sequence
Primary