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College Biology > Chapter 3 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen, and often, oxygen

A

Organic molecule

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2
Q

Short term energy source

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Long term energy source

A

Lipids

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4
Q

Diverse in terms of functions

A

Proteins

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5
Q

DNA and RNA; they are genetic information and are involved in the making of proteins

A

Nucleic acids

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6
Q

Basis for all of the organic molecules because of its 4 valence electrons

A

Carbon atom

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7
Q

A carbon atom is versatile, usually forms _____ bonds, and can bond to ______

A

Covalent; itself

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8
Q

Individual units we put together to form polymers

A

Monomer

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9
Q

When chemical bonds are formed, energy is stored, when chemical bonds are broken, energy is released

A

Monomer >

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10
Q

Form bonds and store energy

A

Monomer > polymer

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11
Q

Break bonds and release energy

A

Polymer > monomer

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12
Q

Monomer > polymer

A

Dehydration synthesis

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13
Q

Polymer > monomer

A

Hydrolysis

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14
Q

Example of a carbohydrate

A

Glucose

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15
Q

In carbohydrates, the monomers are _____ _____

A

Simple sugars

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16
Q

Single simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

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17
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose (usually extracts energy from glucose)
Galactose
Fructose

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18
Q

Two monosaccharides put together

A

Disaccharides

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19
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (in dairy)
Maltose

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20
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

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21
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

Lactose

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22
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

Maltose

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23
Q

3-100 simple sugars put together

A

Oligosaccharides

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24
Q

After 100 simples sugars (monomers) are put together

A

Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

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25
Q

Most abundant organic molecule; structural carb found in plant cells; EXAMPLE of a polysaccharide

A

Cellulose

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26
Q

Humans cannot digest ______

A

Cellulose

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27
Q

Structural carb in insects; makes up the insects’ exoskeletons; used in production of a suture; target for flea control PROGRAM

A

Chitin

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28
Q

In plants, where glucose is stored if they make too much; EXAMPLE

A

Starch

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29
Q

In animals, where glucose is stored (liver, some muscles)

A

Glycogen

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30
Q

The ______ is the storage closet of your body; if not needed quickly, the glucose turns into fat

A

Liver

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31
Q

These do not have a monomer > polymer relationship

A

Lipids

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32
Q

Lipids are _______

A

Hydrophobic

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33
Q

Lipids’ main function is long term ______ storage in plants and animals

A

Energy

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34
Q

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

A

Triglycerides

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35
Q

At room temperature, they are solid; increases chance of heart disease

A

Saturated fat

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36
Q

At least one double bond; causes chains to bend; liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated fat

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37
Q

Partially hydrogenated to make them solid at room temperature

A

Trans fat

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38
Q

Phospholipids

In one molecule, part of it is hydrophilic and the other part is hydrophobic

A

Amphipathic

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39
Q

Phospholipids have a _____, polar phosphate head and a _____, nonpolar fatty acid tail

A

Hydrophilic; hydrophobic

40
Q

Phospholipids form ______

A

Bilateral

41
Q

Major component of the _____ membrane is that heads will face away and tails with face towards each other

A

Plasma

42
Q

4 interconnected carbon rings

A

Steroids

43
Q

Building block of other steroids; found in plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol

44
Q

EXAMPLES of steroids

A

Vitamin B, cortisone, waterhen, testosterone, cholesterol

45
Q

Fatty acids combined with an alcohol or s different carbohydrate

A

Waxes

46
Q

EXAMPLE of a wax

A

Aloe plants

47
Q

Shape is the most important thing

A

Proteins

48
Q

Most diverse in structure; used for short term energy, usually

A

Proteins

49
Q

Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell of organism

A

Metabolism

50
Q

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (most important metabolic)

A

Enzymes

51
Q

PROTEIN USES

A 
Metabolism
Support / structure
Transport
Defense
Regulation
Motion
52
Q 
Keratin = skin, hair, nails
Collagen = tendons, cartilage
A

Support / structure

53
Q

Proteins go across plasma membranes and move things throughout the body

A

Transport

54
Q

Protein in your blood which oxygen binds to; important for transport

A

Hemoglobin

55
Q

Proteins fight invaders of your body; antibodies (fighters)

A

Defense

56
Q

Hormones are made in one place but can act in other places; can stimulate and inhibit the production of things

A

Regulation

57
Q

Muscles (protein)

Contraction of muscles and cell movement

A

Motion

58
Q

The monomers in proteins = _____ _____

A

Amino acids

59
Q

There are only ____ amino acids in the body; 8 are essential for the body

A

20

60
Q

Bond between an amino acid (less than 100)

A

Peptide bond

61
Q

Bond between 2 amino acids

A

Dipeptide bond

62
Q

Bonds greater than 100 amino acids

A

Polypeptide bond

63
Q

Amino acid sequence

A

Primary level of protein structure

64
Q

How it folds in certain areas of the protein

A

Secondary level of protein structure

65
Q

Spiral shaped fold

A

Alpha helix

66
Q

Pleated sheet shaped cold

A

Beta helix

67
Q

Overall shape of the protein (3D); determined by its interaction with water

A

Tertiary

68
Q

Interaction between different polypeptides of the same protein

A

Quaternary

69
Q

Change in the shape of a protein such that it no longer functions; can be reversible, but is usually not

A

Desaturation

70
Q

EXAMPLES of denaturation

A

Change in temperature

Change in pH

71
Q

In nucleic acids, monomers = ______

A

Nucleotides

72
Q

Nucleotides

A

Sugar
Phosphate
Base

73
Q

Two types of nucleotides

A

DNA & RNA

74
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

75
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

76
Q

Bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

77
Q

Bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

78
Q

Structure in DNA

A

Double helix

79
Q

Structure in RNA

A

Single stranded

80
Q

Functions in DNA

A

Contains genetic material for the cell

81
Q

Functions in RNA

A

Reads the DNA code and helps make proteins

82
Q

Energy unit of the cell; you would shut down if you didn’t have this

A

Adenosine triphosphate

83
Q

Must make ___ ______ ATP molecules per minute just to stay alive

A

2 billion

84
Q

ADP + P = ___

A

ATP

85
Q

The last phosphate bond contains enough energy to _____ and _____ it

A

Store; release

86
Q

Molecule used by plants to store glucose

A

Starch

87
Q

Monomer that makes up proteins

A

Amino acids

88
Q

Base not found in RNA

A

Thymine

89
Q

Molecule involved in long term energy storage

A

Lipids

90
Q

Waxes are an example of ______

A

Lipids

91
Q

This is not a function of proteins

A

Insulation

92
Q

_______ fats are liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated

93
Q

______ of a protein determines its function

A

Shape

94
Q

Antibodies are an example of a _______

A

Protein

95
Q

The ______ level of protein organization involved its amino acid sequence

A

Primary

College Biology (16 decks)

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