Chapter 4 & 5 Test Flashcards
Coined the word “cell” (pieces of cork)
Robert Hooke
Inventor of the microscope (lens)
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
Cell theory
All organisms are made of cells
Cells are the fundamental unit of life
All cells come from preexisting cells
All cells have the same basic chemical composition
All cells use energy
All cells contain DNA that is duplicated and passed on to further generations of cells
Discovered and named the nucleus
Robert Brown
Said plants are made of cells
Matthias Schneider
Said animals are made of cells
Theodore Schwann
Said that all cells come from preexisting cells
Rudolf Virchow
Smaller cells provide more _______ ______ to ______ ratio and are more efficient
Surface area; volume
Visible light shining through so you can see the specimen
Glass lenses and visible light
Live specimens
Only in 2-D
Light microscopy
Greater magnification and detail
Cannot look at live specimens
Electrons passing through a thin slice of the specimen
Instead of lenses, they use magnetic fields
2-D, but you can see the interior
Transmission electron microscopy
Greater magnification and resolution Specimen is coated with metal Magnetic field 3-D image Greater depth of field
Scanning electron microscopy
Do not have a true nucleus
Prokaryotes
Shapes of prokaryotes
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirilla
Spirochete
Rod-shaped
Bacillus
Round-shaped
Coccus
Rigid spiral-shaped
Spirilla
Flexible corkscrew-shaped
Spirochete
Cell envelope of Prokaryotes
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Glycocalyx
Maintains the shape of the cell; outermost
Cell wall
Lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it; regulates what goes in and out of the cell
Plasma membrane
Layer of polysaccharides outside of the cel wall; prevents cell from drying out; aids in attachment; resists the host’s immune system
Glycocalyx
Glycocalyx that is easily washed off
Slime layer
Glycocalyx that is not easily washed off
Capsule
Semi-fluid
Cytoplasm
Where DNA is found in the cell (one chromosome)
Nucleoid
Extra chromosomal DNA
Plasmids
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
External structures of prokaryotes
Flagella
Fimbriae
Conjugation pili
Flagella
Long, whiplike structures that aid in movement
Small, bristle like fibers for attachment; part of glycocalyx
Fimbriae
Rigid, tubular structures that function to pass DNA from cell to cell
Conjugation pili
How prokaryotic cells reproduce
Binary fission
One cell splits into two
Binary fission
Have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
Made up of membrane bound organelles and cytosol
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
Endosymbiotic theory
Mitochondria and chloroplast were once free living prokaryotes which entered into eukaryotic cells and formed a symbiotic relationship
Endosymbiotic theory
Evidence to support endosymbiotic theory
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in size to prokaryotes
Double membrane surrounding them
Have their own DNA
Divide by splitting
Have their own ribosomes which resemble those of prokaryotes
Ribosomal RNA sequence is close to prokaryotes’ rRNA
Control center of the cell
Nucleus
DNA in its undivided form; threadlike
Chromatin
When chromatin condenses
Chromosomes
Sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a protein
Genes
Double membrane around the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Inside the envelope so things can get in and out
Nuclear pores
Jelly-like stuff in the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
Dense region of the nucleus that is involved in the production of rRNA
Nucleolus
Site of protein synthesis; can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER
Ribosomes
Network of membranous channels and sacuoles
Endoplasmic reticulum
Has ribosomes attached to it; protein synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Makes lipids and fatty acids
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Stack of flat, membrane bound sacks; modifies, sorts, packages, and distributes molecules
Golgi apparatus
Where molecules enter
Cis face
Where molecules exit
Trans face
Microbodies and vacuoles
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
Membrane bound vesicles made by be Golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
Membrane bound vesicles that detoxify our bodies
Peroxisomes
Membrane bound vesicles for storage
Vacuoles
Where photosynthesis takes place; only in plants
Chloroplast
Membranous sack within the chloroplast where photosynthesis begins
Thylakoid
One stack of thylakoids
Granum
Many stacks of thylakoids
Grana
Fluid around the thylakoids
Stroma
Energy production of the cell
Mitochondria
Inner folded membrane
Cristae
Inside the inner membrane is a fluid called ______
Matrix
Skeleton of the cell; maintains shape, supports, structure, and movement
Cytoskeleton
Made of actin; long, thin, and flexible; cellular movement and muscle contraction
Microfilaments
Made of many proteins; maintains the cell’s shape and act in cell to cell junctions
Intermediate filaments
Protein in the skin that makes it water proof
Keratin
Organizes the mitotic spindle
Centrioles
aids in cell division and form tracks within the cell
Microtubules
Two centrioles at right angles to each other
Centrosome
Small; move substances across a cell; hundreds on a cell
Cilia
Major component of the plasma membrane
Phospholipids
Phospholipid
Glycerol + phosphate + two fatty acid tails
Increases fluidity of plasma membrane
Sterols
Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane
Integral protein
Attached to the outside of the membrane
Peripheral protein
Fluidity of it shows that things can move; mosaic part means the plasma membrane is made of many different proteins
Fluid Mosaic Model
Main component that influences fluidity
Cholesterol
Have carbohydrates attached to the protein
Glycoproteins
Have carbohydrates attached to the phospholipids
Glycolipids
_______ and _______ function for cell to cell adhesion as receptors, cell to cell recognition, and and protection
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
Protein functions for Plasma Membrane
Channel Carrier Cell recognition Receptor Enzymatic Junction
Protein that has a tunnel through which things can pass in and out
Channel protein
Protein that has a shape change to transport things; specific to what can pass
Carrier protein
Glycoproteins that deal with immune response
Cell recognition protein
Protein that only binds with very specific molecules which causes s shape change which causes other reactions in the cell (messenger system)
Receptor protein
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (very specific)
Enzymatic protein
Proteins that form connections between cells
Junction protein
Plasma membrane is ________
Semipermeable
Where there is a greater concentration of a substance over a distance; How molecules can pass in and out of the cell
Concentration gradient
Things that pass freely do not require _______
Energy
Channels that water goes through to pass
Aquaporins
A way that very large molecules can get in and out of the membrane
Bulk transport
Energy is not required for molecules to pass in and out of cells
Passive transport
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Diffusion
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
Pressure that develops due to osmosis
Osmotic pressure
Solute concentration; solute can’t get through the membrane so the water moves
Tonicity
Solution that has the same concentration as the cell
no net movement of water so everything in the cell stays the same
Isotonic solution
Solution had a lower concentration so it can’t cross the membrane
Water enters the cell which causes it to swell
Hypotonic solution
Solution has a higher concentration
Water exits the cell which causes it to shrink and shrivel; crenation
Hypertonic solution
Destruction of a cell (what happens when water enters the cell and it swells)
Cytolysis
Destruction of a red blood cell
Hemolysis
Shrinking of cytoplasm in a plant cell due to osmosis
Plasmolysis
Glucose and amino acids are transported this way
Facilitated transport
Against concentration gradient; moving from an area of low concentration to high concentration
Active transport
Energy unit of the cell; used to move the molecules against the gradient
ATP
Move against gravity for active transport
Pumps
Prime example of active transport; uses ATP; moves 3 sodiums outside the cell and 2 potassiums into the cell, both against the concentration gradient
Na-K Pump
Movement of substances from inside the cell to outside; form of bulk transport
Exocytosis
Movement of substances from outside the cell to inside; form of bulk transport
Endocytosis
Form of endocytosis where large molecules are taken in
Phagocytosis
Form of endocytosis where small molecules or liquid is taken in
Pinocytosis
Form of endocytosis that is specific as to what comes in because it joins to receptors in the vesicles when taken in
Receptor-mediated
Type of tissue- many cells but little extracellular matrix
EX: skin
Epithelial tissue
Type of tissue- few cells in relation to extracellular matrix (cartilage, ligaments, tendons)
Connective tissue
Connective tissue / stuff between the cells
Extracellular matrix
Cell junction in plants cells that has channels that connect adjacent plant cells
Plasmodesmata
Cell junction in animal cells that form water tight deals between the cells
Tight junctions
Cell junction in animal cells that connect the cells in specific spots
Adhesion junctions
Type of adhesion junction that connects cell to cell
Desmosome
Type of adhesion junction that is half of a desmosome; holds the cell to the basement membrane
Hemidesmosome
Cell junctions that are protein channels between cells that allows the exchange of molecules between cells
Gap junction
What happens to a cell when put into a hypotonic solution?
Water enters the cell and it swells
Person who called the nucleus the nucleus
Robert Brown
Type of microscopy to look at the interior of a specimen
Transmission electron microscopy
Active transport
Type of transport across the plasma membrane involving movement of energy against the concentration gradient
Hypothesized that all animals are made of cells
Schwann
One flattened sack inside the chloroplast
Thylakoid
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
Two functions of the plasma membrane proteins
Transport and defense
What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?
Cell shrinks because water goes out
Major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Eukaryotes have a true nucleus, prokaryotes are smaller, eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles
