Chapter 4 & 5 Test Flashcards
1
Q
Coined the word “cell” (pieces of cork)
A
Robert Hooke
2
Q
Inventor of the microscope (lens)
A
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
3
Q
Cell theory
A
All organisms are made of cells
Cells are the fundamental unit of life
All cells come from preexisting cells
All cells have the same basic chemical composition
All cells use energy
All cells contain DNA that is duplicated and passed on to further generations of cells
4
Q
Discovered and named the nucleus
A
Robert Brown
5
Q
Said plants are made of cells
A
Matthias Schneider
6
Q
Said animals are made of cells
A
Theodore Schwann
7
Q
Said that all cells come from preexisting cells
A
Rudolf Virchow
8
Q
Smaller cells provide more _______ ______ to ______ ratio and are more efficient
A
Surface area; volume
9
Q
Visible light shining through so you can see the specimen
Glass lenses and visible light
Live specimens
Only in 2-D
A
Light microscopy
10
Q
Greater magnification and detail
Cannot look at live specimens
Electrons passing through a thin slice of the specimen
Instead of lenses, they use magnetic fields
2-D, but you can see the interior
A
Transmission electron microscopy
11
Q
Greater magnification and resolution Specimen is coated with metal Magnetic field 3-D image Greater depth of field
A
Scanning electron microscopy
12
Q
Do not have a true nucleus
A
Prokaryotes
13
Q
Shapes of prokaryotes
A
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirilla
Spirochete
14
Q
Rod-shaped
A
Bacillus
15
Q
Round-shaped
A
Coccus
16
Q
Rigid spiral-shaped
A
Spirilla
17
Q
Flexible corkscrew-shaped
A
Spirochete
18
Q
Cell envelope of Prokaryotes
A
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Glycocalyx
19
Q
Maintains the shape of the cell; outermost
A
Cell wall
20
Q
Lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it; regulates what goes in and out of the cell
A
Plasma membrane
21
Q
Layer of polysaccharides outside of the cel wall; prevents cell from drying out; aids in attachment; resists the host’s immune system
A
Glycocalyx
22
Q
Glycocalyx that is easily washed off
A
Slime layer
23
Q
Glycocalyx that is not easily washed off
A
Capsule
24
Q
Semi-fluid
A
Cytoplasm
25
Where DNA is found in the cell (one chromosome)
Nucleoid
26
Extra chromosomal DNA
Plasmids
27
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
28
External structures of prokaryotes
Flagella
Fimbriae
Conjugation pili
29
Flagella
Long, whiplike structures that aid in movement
30
Small, bristle like fibers for attachment; part of glycocalyx
Fimbriae
31
Rigid, tubular structures that function to pass DNA from cell to cell
Conjugation pili
32
How prokaryotic cells reproduce
Binary fission
33
One cell splits into two
Binary fission
34
Have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes
35
Made up of membrane bound organelles and cytosol
Cytoplasm
36
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
Endosymbiotic theory
37
Mitochondria and chloroplast were once free living prokaryotes which entered into eukaryotic cells and formed a symbiotic relationship
Endosymbiotic theory
38
Evidence to support endosymbiotic theory
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in size to prokaryotes
Double membrane surrounding them
Have their own DNA
Divide by splitting
Have their own ribosomes which resemble those of prokaryotes
Ribosomal RNA sequence is close to prokaryotes' rRNA
39
Control center of the cell
Nucleus
40
DNA in its undivided form; threadlike
Chromatin
41
When chromatin condenses
Chromosomes
42
Sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a protein
Genes
43
Double membrane around the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
44
Inside the envelope so things can get in and out
Nuclear pores
45
Jelly-like stuff in the nucleus
Nucleoplasm
46
Dense region of the nucleus that is involved in the production of rRNA
Nucleolus
47
Site of protein synthesis; can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER
Ribosomes
48
Network of membranous channels and sacuoles
Endoplasmic reticulum
49
Has ribosomes attached to it; protein synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
50
Makes lipids and fatty acids
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
51
Stack of flat, membrane bound sacks; modifies, sorts, packages, and distributes molecules
Golgi apparatus
52
Where molecules enter
Cis face
53
Where molecules exit
Trans face
54
Microbodies and vacuoles
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
55
Membrane bound vesicles made by be Golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
56
Membrane bound vesicles that detoxify our bodies
Peroxisomes
57
Membrane bound vesicles for storage
Vacuoles
58
Where photosynthesis takes place; only in plants
Chloroplast
59
Membranous sack within the chloroplast where photosynthesis begins
Thylakoid
60
One stack of thylakoids
Granum
61
Many stacks of thylakoids
Grana
62
Fluid around the thylakoids
Stroma
63
Energy production of the cell
Mitochondria
64
Inner folded membrane
Cristae
65
Inside the inner membrane is a fluid called ______
Matrix
66
Skeleton of the cell; maintains shape, supports, structure, and movement
Cytoskeleton
67
Made of actin; long, thin, and flexible; cellular movement and muscle contraction
Microfilaments
68
Made of many proteins; maintains the cell's shape and act in cell to cell junctions
Intermediate filaments
69
Protein in the skin that makes it water proof
Keratin
70
Organizes the mitotic spindle
Centrioles
71
aids in cell division and form tracks within the cell
Microtubules
72
Two centrioles at right angles to each other
Centrosome
73
Small; move substances across a cell; hundreds on a cell
Cilia
74
Major component of the plasma membrane
Phospholipids
75
Phospholipid
Glycerol + phosphate + two fatty acid tails
76
Increases fluidity of plasma membrane
Sterols
77
Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane
Integral protein
78
Attached to the outside of the membrane
Peripheral protein
79
Fluidity of it shows that things can move; mosaic part means the plasma membrane is made of many different proteins
Fluid Mosaic Model
80
Main component that influences fluidity
Cholesterol
81
Have carbohydrates attached to the protein
Glycoproteins
82
Have carbohydrates attached to the phospholipids
Glycolipids
83
_______ and _______ function for cell to cell adhesion as receptors, cell to cell recognition, and and protection
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
84
Protein functions for Plasma Membrane
```
Channel
Carrier
Cell recognition
Receptor
Enzymatic
Junction
```
85
Protein that has a tunnel through which things can pass in and out
Channel protein
86
Protein that has a shape change to transport things; specific to what can pass
Carrier protein
87
Glycoproteins that deal with immune response
Cell recognition protein
88
Protein that only binds with very specific molecules which causes s shape change which causes other reactions in the cell (messenger system)
Receptor protein
89
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (very specific)
Enzymatic protein
90
Proteins that form connections between cells
Junction protein
91
Plasma membrane is ________
Semipermeable
92
Where there is a greater concentration of a substance over a distance; How molecules can pass in and out of the cell
Concentration gradient
93
Things that pass freely do not require _______
Energy
94
Channels that water goes through to pass
Aquaporins
95
A way that very large molecules can get in and out of the membrane
Bulk transport
96
Energy is not required for molecules to pass in and out of cells
Passive transport
97
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Diffusion
98
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
99
Pressure that develops due to osmosis
Osmotic pressure
100
Solute concentration; solute can't get through the membrane so the water moves
Tonicity
101
Solution that has the same concentration as the cell
no net movement of water so everything in the cell stays the same
Isotonic solution
102
Solution had a lower concentration so it can't cross the membrane
Water enters the cell which causes it to swell
Hypotonic solution
103
Solution has a higher concentration
Water exits the cell which causes it to shrink and shrivel; crenation
Hypertonic solution
104
Destruction of a cell (what happens when water enters the cell and it swells)
Cytolysis
105
Destruction of a red blood cell
Hemolysis
106
Shrinking of cytoplasm in a plant cell due to osmosis
Plasmolysis
107
Glucose and amino acids are transported this way
Facilitated transport
108
Against concentration gradient; moving from an area of low concentration to high concentration
Active transport
109
Energy unit of the cell; used to move the molecules against the gradient
ATP
110
Move against gravity for active transport
Pumps
111
Prime example of active transport; uses ATP; moves 3 sodiums outside the cell and 2 potassiums into the cell, both against the concentration gradient
Na-K Pump
112
Movement of substances from inside the cell to outside; form of bulk transport
Exocytosis
113
Movement of substances from outside the cell to inside; form of bulk transport
Endocytosis
114
Form of endocytosis where large molecules are taken in
Phagocytosis
115
Form of endocytosis where small molecules or liquid is taken in
Pinocytosis
116
Form of endocytosis that is specific as to what comes in because it joins to receptors in the vesicles when taken in
Receptor-mediated
117
Type of tissue- many cells but little extracellular matrix
EX: skin
Epithelial tissue
118
Type of tissue- few cells in relation to extracellular matrix (cartilage, ligaments, tendons)
Connective tissue
119
Connective tissue / stuff between the cells
Extracellular matrix
120
Cell junction in plants cells that has channels that connect adjacent plant cells
Plasmodesmata
121
Cell junction in animal cells that form water tight deals between the cells
Tight junctions
122
Cell junction in animal cells that connect the cells in specific spots
Adhesion junctions
123
Type of adhesion junction that connects cell to cell
Desmosome
124
Type of adhesion junction that is half of a desmosome; holds the cell to the basement membrane
Hemidesmosome
125
Cell junctions that are protein channels between cells that allows the exchange of molecules between cells
Gap junction
126
What happens to a cell when put into a hypotonic solution?
Water enters the cell and it swells
127
Person who called the nucleus the nucleus
Robert Brown
128
Type of microscopy to look at the interior of a specimen
Transmission electron microscopy
129
Active transport
Type of transport across the plasma membrane involving movement of energy against the concentration gradient
130
Hypothesized that all animals are made of cells
Schwann
131
One flattened sack inside the chloroplast
Thylakoid
132
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
133
Two functions of the plasma membrane proteins
Transport and defense
134
What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?
Cell shrinks because water goes out
135
Major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Eukaryotes have a true nucleus, prokaryotes are smaller, eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles
