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college biology > Chapter 4 & 5 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 4 & 5 Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Coined the word “cell” (pieces of cork)

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

Inventor of the microscope (lens)

A

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are made of cells

Cells are the fundamental unit of life

All cells come from preexisting cells

All cells have the same basic chemical composition

All cells use energy

All cells contain DNA that is duplicated and passed on to further generations of cells

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4
Q

Discovered and named the nucleus

A

Robert Brown

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5
Q

Said plants are made of cells

A

Matthias Schneider

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6
Q

Said animals are made of cells

A

Theodore Schwann

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7
Q

Said that all cells come from preexisting cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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8
Q

Smaller cells provide more _______ ______ to ______ ratio and are more efficient

A

Surface area; volume

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9
Q

Visible light shining through so you can see the specimen

Glass lenses and visible light
Live specimens
Only in 2-D

A

Light microscopy

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10
Q

Greater magnification and detail
Cannot look at live specimens
Electrons passing through a thin slice of the specimen
Instead of lenses, they use magnetic fields
2-D, but you can see the interior

A

Transmission electron microscopy

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11
Q 
Greater magnification and resolution
Specimen is coated with metal
Magnetic field
3-D image
Greater depth of field
A

Scanning electron microscopy

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12
Q

Do not have a true nucleus

A

Prokaryotes

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13
Q

Shapes of prokaryotes

A

Bacillus
Coccus
Spirilla
Spirochete

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14
Q

Rod-shaped

A

Bacillus

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15
Q

Round-shaped

A

Coccus

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16
Q

Rigid spiral-shaped

A

Spirilla

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17
Q

Flexible corkscrew-shaped

A

Spirochete

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18
Q

Cell envelope of Prokaryotes

A

Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Glycocalyx

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19
Q

Maintains the shape of the cell; outermost

A

Cell wall

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20
Q

Lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it; regulates what goes in and out of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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21
Q

Layer of polysaccharides outside of the cel wall; prevents cell from drying out; aids in attachment; resists the host’s immune system

A

Glycocalyx

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22
Q

Glycocalyx that is easily washed off

A

Slime layer

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23
Q

Glycocalyx that is not easily washed off

A

Capsule

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24
Q

Semi-fluid

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

Where DNA is found in the cell (one chromosome)

A

Nucleoid

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26
Q

Extra chromosomal DNA

A

Plasmids

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27
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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28
Q

External structures of prokaryotes

A

Flagella
Fimbriae
Conjugation pili

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29
Q

Flagella

A

Long, whiplike structures that aid in movement

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30
Q

Small, bristle like fibers for attachment; part of glycocalyx

A

Fimbriae

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31
Q

Rigid, tubular structures that function to pass DNA from cell to cell

A

Conjugation pili

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32
Q

How prokaryotic cells reproduce

A

Binary fission

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33
Q

One cell splits into two

A

Binary fission

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34
Q

Have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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35
Q

Made up of membrane bound organelles and cytosol

A

Cytoplasm

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36
Q

Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

A

Endosymbiotic theory

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37
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast were once free living prokaryotes which entered into eukaryotic cells and formed a symbiotic relationship

A

Endosymbiotic theory

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38
Q

Evidence to support endosymbiotic theory

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in size to prokaryotes

Double membrane surrounding them

Have their own DNA

Divide by splitting

Have their own ribosomes which resemble those of prokaryotes

Ribosomal RNA sequence is close to prokaryotes’ rRNA

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39
Q

Control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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40
Q

DNA in its undivided form; threadlike

A

Chromatin

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41
Q

When chromatin condenses

A

Chromosomes

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42
Q

Sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a protein

A

Genes

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43
Q

Double membrane around the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

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44
Q

Inside the envelope so things can get in and out

A

Nuclear pores

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45
Q

Jelly-like stuff in the nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

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46
Q

Dense region of the nucleus that is involved in the production of rRNA

A

Nucleolus

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47
Q

Site of protein synthesis; can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER

A

Ribosomes

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48
Q

Network of membranous channels and sacuoles

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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49
Q

Has ribosomes attached to it; protein synthesis

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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50
Q

Makes lipids and fatty acids

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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51
Q

Stack of flat, membrane bound sacks; modifies, sorts, packages, and distributes molecules

A

Golgi apparatus

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52
Q

Where molecules enter

A

Cis face

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53
Q

Where molecules exit

A

Trans face

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54
Q

Microbodies and vacuoles

A

Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles

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55
Q

Membrane bound vesicles made by be Golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes

56
Q

Membrane bound vesicles that detoxify our bodies

A

Peroxisomes

57
Q

Membrane bound vesicles for storage

A

Vacuoles

58
Q

Where photosynthesis takes place; only in plants

A

Chloroplast

59
Q

Membranous sack within the chloroplast where photosynthesis begins

A

Thylakoid

60
Q

One stack of thylakoids

A

Granum

61
Q

Many stacks of thylakoids

A

Grana

62
Q

Fluid around the thylakoids

A

Stroma

63
Q

Energy production of the cell

A

Mitochondria

64
Q

Inner folded membrane

A

Cristae

65
Q

Inside the inner membrane is a fluid called ______

A

Matrix

66
Q

Skeleton of the cell; maintains shape, supports, structure, and movement

A

Cytoskeleton

67
Q

Made of actin; long, thin, and flexible; cellular movement and muscle contraction

A

Microfilaments

68
Q

Made of many proteins; maintains the cell’s shape and act in cell to cell junctions

A

Intermediate filaments

69
Q

Protein in the skin that makes it water proof

A

Keratin

70
Q

Organizes the mitotic spindle

A

Centrioles

71
Q

aids in cell division and form tracks within the cell

A

Microtubules

72
Q

Two centrioles at right angles to each other

A

Centrosome

73
Q

Small; move substances across a cell; hundreds on a cell

A

Cilia

74
Q

Major component of the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids

75
Q

Phospholipid

A

Glycerol + phosphate + two fatty acid tails

76
Q

Increases fluidity of plasma membrane

A

Sterols

77
Q

Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane

A

Integral protein

78
Q

Attached to the outside of the membrane

A

Peripheral protein

79
Q

Fluidity of it shows that things can move; mosaic part means the plasma membrane is made of many different proteins

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

80
Q

Main component that influences fluidity

A

Cholesterol

81
Q

Have carbohydrates attached to the protein

A

Glycoproteins

82
Q

Have carbohydrates attached to the phospholipids

A

Glycolipids

83
Q

_______ and _______ function for cell to cell adhesion as receptors, cell to cell recognition, and and protection

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

84
Q

Protein functions for Plasma Membrane

A 
Channel
Carrier
Cell recognition
Receptor
Enzymatic
Junction
85
Q

Protein that has a tunnel through which things can pass in and out

A

Channel protein

86
Q

Protein that has a shape change to transport things; specific to what can pass

A

Carrier protein

87
Q

Glycoproteins that deal with immune response

A

Cell recognition protein

88
Q

Protein that only binds with very specific molecules which causes s shape change which causes other reactions in the cell (messenger system)

A

Receptor protein

89
Q

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (very specific)

A

Enzymatic protein

90
Q

Proteins that form connections between cells

A

Junction protein

91
Q

Plasma membrane is ________

A

Semipermeable

92
Q

Where there is a greater concentration of a substance over a distance; How molecules can pass in and out of the cell

A

Concentration gradient

93
Q

Things that pass freely do not require _______

A

Energy

94
Q

Channels that water goes through to pass

A

Aquaporins

95
Q

A way that very large molecules can get in and out of the membrane

A

Bulk transport

96
Q

Energy is not required for molecules to pass in and out of cells

A

Passive transport

97
Q

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

A

Diffusion

98
Q

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

99
Q

Pressure that develops due to osmosis

A

Osmotic pressure

100
Q

Solute concentration; solute can’t get through the membrane so the water moves

A

Tonicity

101
Q

Solution that has the same concentration as the cell

no net movement of water so everything in the cell stays the same

A

Isotonic solution

102
Q

Solution had a lower concentration so it can’t cross the membrane

Water enters the cell which causes it to swell

A

Hypotonic solution

103
Q

Solution has a higher concentration

Water exits the cell which causes it to shrink and shrivel; crenation

A

Hypertonic solution

104
Q

Destruction of a cell (what happens when water enters the cell and it swells)

A

Cytolysis

105
Q

Destruction of a red blood cell

A

Hemolysis

106
Q

Shrinking of cytoplasm in a plant cell due to osmosis

A

Plasmolysis

107
Q

Glucose and amino acids are transported this way

A

Facilitated transport

108
Q

Against concentration gradient; moving from an area of low concentration to high concentration

A

Active transport

109
Q

Energy unit of the cell; used to move the molecules against the gradient

A

ATP

110
Q

Move against gravity for active transport

A

Pumps

111
Q

Prime example of active transport; uses ATP; moves 3 sodiums outside the cell and 2 potassiums into the cell, both against the concentration gradient

A

Na-K Pump

112
Q

Movement of substances from inside the cell to outside; form of bulk transport

A

Exocytosis

113
Q

Movement of substances from outside the cell to inside; form of bulk transport

A

Endocytosis

114
Q

Form of endocytosis where large molecules are taken in

A

Phagocytosis

115
Q

Form of endocytosis where small molecules or liquid is taken in

A

Pinocytosis

116
Q

Form of endocytosis that is specific as to what comes in because it joins to receptors in the vesicles when taken in

A

Receptor-mediated

117
Q

Type of tissue- many cells but little extracellular matrix

EX: skin

A

Epithelial tissue

118
Q

Type of tissue- few cells in relation to extracellular matrix (cartilage, ligaments, tendons)

A

Connective tissue

119
Q

Connective tissue / stuff between the cells

A

Extracellular matrix

120
Q

Cell junction in plants cells that has channels that connect adjacent plant cells

A

Plasmodesmata

121
Q

Cell junction in animal cells that form water tight deals between the cells

A

Tight junctions

122
Q

Cell junction in animal cells that connect the cells in specific spots

A

Adhesion junctions

123
Q

Type of adhesion junction that connects cell to cell

A

Desmosome

124
Q

Type of adhesion junction that is half of a desmosome; holds the cell to the basement membrane

A

Hemidesmosome

125
Q

Cell junctions that are protein channels between cells that allows the exchange of molecules between cells

A

Gap junction

126
Q

What happens to a cell when put into a hypotonic solution?

A

Water enters the cell and it swells

127
Q

Person who called the nucleus the nucleus

A

Robert Brown

128
Q

Type of microscopy to look at the interior of a specimen

A

Transmission electron microscopy

129
Q

Active transport

A

Type of transport across the plasma membrane involving movement of energy against the concentration gradient

130
Q

Hypothesized that all animals are made of cells

A

Schwann

131
Q

One flattened sack inside the chloroplast

A

Thylakoid

132
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

133
Q

Two functions of the plasma membrane proteins

A

Transport and defense

134
Q

What happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Cell shrinks because water goes out

135
Q

Major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have a true nucleus, prokaryotes are smaller, eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles

college biology (16 decks)

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