Chapter 10 & 11 Test Flashcards
1
Q
When the chromosome number is cut in half; involves two nuclear divisions and results in 4 genetically different daughter cells
A
Meiosis
2
Q
Normal number of chromosomes in an organism
A
Diploid
3
Q
Half of a diploid number
A
Haploid
4
Q
Sex cells
A
Gametes
5
Q
Production of a zygote from the joining of the sperm and egg
A
Fertilization
6
Q
Product of fertilization of the egg by the sperm
A
Zygote
7
Q
The pair that are similar that come from mom and dad
A
Homologous chromosomes (homologues)
8
Q
Alternate forms of a gene; the choices you have within the genes
A
Alleles
9
Q
Chromosomes that have been duplicated but are still attached
A
Sister chromatids
10
Q
When the homologous chromosomes come together and line up side by side
A
Synopsis
11
Q
Genetic recombination is also known as _____ _____
A
Crossing over
12
Q
Exchange of genetic material between homologues during prophase 1
A
Genetic recombination (crossing over)
13
Q
Site where the genes are exchanged; genes from mom and dad are mixed
A
Chiasma
14
Q
Sources of genetic variability
A
Crossing over
Independent assortment of homologues
Random fertilization
15
Q
Random as to which sperm fertilizes the egg
A
Random fertilization
16
Q
Genetic variability is significant because
A
There is no variability in asexual reproduction
In sexual reproduction, it allows for a better chance of survival if the environment changes
17
Q
Phases of meiosis
A
Meiosis 1
Interkinesis
Meiosis 2
Cytokinesis 2
18
Q
Prophase 1
A
Chromosomes condense/become visible
Homologues line up gene to gene (synapsis)
Nuclear envelope disappears
Crossing over occurs
19
Q
Metaphase 1
A
Paired homologues line up on the equator
20
Q
Anaphase 1
A
One pair of homologues is each pulled toward opposite ends of the cell
21
Q
Telophase 1
A
Pair of homologues reach the opposite ends of cells
22
Q
Meiosis 1
A
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
23
Q
Interkinesis
A
Cytokinesis between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2; when the rest of the cell is separated
24
Q
Meiosis II (2 cells)
A
Prophase II
metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
25
Cytokinesis II ends with
4 cells instead of 2
26
Phases in meiosis II occur just like
Mitosis
27
Meiosis only occurs in _____
Gametes
28
Function of meiosis is to produce _____ ____
Haploid cells
29
Meiosis versus Mitosis
2 nuclear divisions
4 haploid daughter cells, genetically different
Produces haploid cells
VS
one nuclear division
2 diploid daughter cells, genetically identical
Growth and repair
30
The production of sperm
Spermatogenesis
31
The production of eggs
Oogenesis
32
Twins that are identical
Monozygotic
33
Twins that are fraternal
Dizygotic
34
Refers to the normal number of chromosomes
Euploidy
35
Refers to an abnormal / incorrect number of chromosomes
Aneuploidy
36
The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
Nondisjunction
37
Nondisjunction where one extra chromosome is produced (2n + 1)
Trisomy
38
Nondisjunction where one less chromosome is produced (2n - 1)
Monosomy
39
Nondisjunction accounts for ___% of spontaneous abortions
50
40
Changes in the chromosome number
Trisomy 21
| Trisomy 18 & 13
41
In mothers less than 30 years of age, the chances of having a Down's syndrome child is 1 in _____
In mothers more than 48 years, chances are 1 in ___
Down's syndrome is an example of _____ ___
3000; 9; trisomy 21
42
Children with _____ ___ and ____ usually don't survive past infancy because of their bigger genes
Trisomy 18 & 13
43
Changes in chromosome number
```
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Poly-X
Jacobs syndrome
YO
```
44
```
Syndrome where the person only has one X
Usually don't survive
Female
Short in stature
Sexually undeveloped
Normal intelligence
Cannot reproduce
Can live normal life if treated
```
Turner's syndrome
45
Genotype for turners syndrome
XO
46
Genotype for Klinefelter syndrome
XXY
47
Klinefelter syndrome people....
Males
May show no signs of syndrome
Long arms/legs, big hands/feet
Develop more breast tissue than normal
48
Genotype for Poly-X
XXX
49
Poly-X people...
Female
Tall
Fertile but will have irregular periods
IQ is usually lower
50
Genotype for Jacobs syndrome
XYY
51
Genotype for YO
No history of anyone who has survived this
YO
52
Chromosome structural abnormalities
Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation
53
When part of a chromosome is lost
Deletion
54
Which chromosome structural abnormality is the worst?
Deletion
55
Examples of deletion
Cri du chat- when babies sound like cats (genes in chromosome 5)
Williams syndrome
56
What is Williams syndrome?
An example of deletion the affects the productions of elastin
57
One or more genes are duplicated
Duplication
58
If genes are ABC, they are flipped around to CBA; less harmful
Inversion
59
When a part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a non homologue
Translocation
60
Example of translocation
CML-leukemia: between chromosomes 9 & 22
61
Particulate Theory of Inheritance
Refers to particles
Based on the existence of small hereditary units which we now call genes
Proposed law of segregation and law of independent assortment
62
What Mendel called genes; sequences of DNA on a chromosome that code for a trait)
Factors
63
Location of the gene on the chromosome
Locus
64
Gene will be expressed if only one allele is present
Dominant
65
Gene will be expressed with two alleles present
Recessive
66
Both the same from mom and dad
TT
tt
Homozygous
67
Two different alleles
| Tt
Heterozygous
68
Genetic makeup of an individual
Genotype
69
Physical characteristics of a person
Phenotype
70
Looking at one trait
Monohybrid cross
71
Law of segregation
Each individual has two factors for each trait
Factors segregate during gamete formation
Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors
Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait
72
Law of independent assortment
Each pair of factors segregated independently of the other pairs
All possibly combinations of factors can occur in the gametes
73
Looks at two traits
Dihybrid cross
74
Autosomal recessive diseases
```
Methemoglobinemia
Cystic fibrosis
Albinism
Galactosemia
Phenylketonuria
Tay-Sachs Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
```
75
A build up of methemoglobin; people who have it are blue; BLUE FUGATES
Methemoglobinemia
76
Affects the protein that allows chloride to pass; builds up mucus in lungs
Cystic fibrosis
77
Lack of any pigment in the body; prone to skin cancer and cataracts
Albinism
78
Build up of the sugar galactose; damaging to eyes and liver; can cause mental handicap
Galactosemia
79
Build up of phenylketones; can damage the development of the central nervous system
Phenylketonuria
80
Lipid accumulation in the brain; causes mental deficiency and blindness; no one survives
Tay-Sachs Disease
81
Red blood cells are shaped like a boat rather than a werther's caramel; causes damage in many places b/c of the shape
Sickle Cell Disease
82
People who are carries for sickle cell (Hh) can develop it if _____
Stressed
83
Autosomal dominant diseases
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Achondroplasia
Alzheimer's disease
Huntington's disease
84
Imperfect production of bones
Osteogenesis imperfecta
85
Bad cartilage growth; a form of dwarfism
AA = lethal
Only Aa and aa people survive
Achondroplasia
86
Causes mental deterioration, uncontrollable movements, and is fatal; symptoms don't show until middle age
Huntington's Disease
87
Protein on a cell that will cause a reaction
Antigen
88
_____ reacts with an antigen
Antibody
89
Example of multiple alleles
ABO bloodtyping
90
O blood type
Universal donor
91
AB blood type
Universal receiver
92
When the heterozygote fully expresses both alleles
Codominance
93
Example of codominance
ABO bloodtyping; both A and B are dominant over O
94
Positive or negative on blood types; comes from Rhesus monkey
Rh factor
95
Where the heterozygote has intermediate inheritance
Incomplete dominance
96
Examples of incomplete dominance
Red snapdragons crossed with white snapdragons = pink ones
Hypercholesterolemia = too much cholesterol in the blood
HH- high cholesterol
Hh- in between cholesterol
hh- low cholesterol
97
Dominant allele may not always be exhibited in the heterozygote
HH- will show it
Hh- may or may not
hh- won't show it
EX: polydactyly = multiple fingers/toes
Incomplete penetrance
98
When multiple phenotypes are expressed through one gene
Pleiotropism
99
Mutation in one gene that affects connective tissue in your body; example of pleiotropism
Marfan syndrome
100
When one gene affects the expression of another
Epistasis
101
Example of epistasis
Make pattern baldness hiding a widows peak
102
Traits controlled by one gene; most traits are like this
EX: skin and eye color, height, intelligence
Polygenic
103
Father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
104
Can affect gene expression
Environmental
105
Genes that are on the sex chromosomes
X-Linked inheritance
106
X-Linked Inheritance
```
Y chromosome
Sex linked genes
X-linked recessive
X-linked dominant
X-inactivation
```
107
Major gene = SRY = sex determining region
| If present, it triggers the development of testicles
Y chromosome
108
Genes on the sex chromosome but are not related to sexual characteristics
X^H X^H = female (homozygous dominant)
X^H Y = male (hemizygous)
OR
X^h Y
Sex linked genes
109
X linked recessive
Hemophilia
Red green color blindness
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
110
Blood disorder there a clotting factor is missing
Hemophilia
111
Disease that affects the nerves going to the muscles so they don't develop properly
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
112
X linked dominant
Congenital generalized hypertrichosis
Hypophosphatemic rickets
Retinitis pigmentosa
113
Bigfoot hair
Congenital generalized hypertrichosis
114
Low blood phosphate
| Causes problems with bones
Hypophosphatemic rickets
115
Condition of the eye that will cause partial blindness
Retinitis pigmentosa
116
One X is inactivated
Barr body- inactivated X
Random
Basis behind calico cats
X inactivation
117
Diagram showing inheritance through generations
Pedigrees
118
When and where does crossing over occur?
Prophase I of meiosis I at the chiasma
119
Homozygous recessive has two recessive _____
Alleles
120
Genotype of someone who has Jacobs syndrome
XYY
121
Difference between meiosis I and mitosis
Homologous pairs line up whereas chromosomes line up
