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College Biology > Chapter 10 & 11 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 10 & 11 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

When the chromosome number is cut in half; involves two nuclear divisions and results in 4 genetically different daughter cells

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

Normal number of chromosomes in an organism

A

Diploid

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3
Q

Half of a diploid number

A

Haploid

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4
Q

Sex cells

A

Gametes

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5
Q

Production of a zygote from the joining of the sperm and egg

A

Fertilization

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6
Q

Product of fertilization of the egg by the sperm

A

Zygote

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7
Q

The pair that are similar that come from mom and dad

A

Homologous chromosomes (homologues)

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8
Q

Alternate forms of a gene; the choices you have within the genes

A

Alleles

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9
Q

Chromosomes that have been duplicated but are still attached

A

Sister chromatids

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10
Q

When the homologous chromosomes come together and line up side by side

A

Synopsis

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11
Q

Genetic recombination is also known as _____ _____

A

Crossing over

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12
Q

Exchange of genetic material between homologues during prophase 1

A

Genetic recombination (crossing over)

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13
Q

Site where the genes are exchanged; genes from mom and dad are mixed

A

Chiasma

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14
Q

Sources of genetic variability

A

Crossing over
Independent assortment of homologues
Random fertilization

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15
Q

Random as to which sperm fertilizes the egg

A

Random fertilization

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16
Q

Genetic variability is significant because

A

There is no variability in asexual reproduction

In sexual reproduction, it allows for a better chance of survival if the environment changes

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17
Q

Phases of meiosis

A

Meiosis 1
Interkinesis
Meiosis 2
Cytokinesis 2

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18
Q

Prophase 1

A

Chromosomes condense/become visible
Homologues line up gene to gene (synapsis)
Nuclear envelope disappears
Crossing over occurs

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19
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Paired homologues line up on the equator

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20
Q

Anaphase 1

A

One pair of homologues is each pulled toward opposite ends of the cell

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21
Q

Telophase 1

A

Pair of homologues reach the opposite ends of cells

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22
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1

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23
Q

Interkinesis

A

Cytokinesis between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2; when the rest of the cell is separated

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24
Q

Meiosis II (2 cells)

A

Prophase II
metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

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25
Q

Cytokinesis II ends with

A

4 cells instead of 2

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26
Q

Phases in meiosis II occur just like

A

Mitosis

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27
Q

Meiosis only occurs in _____

A

Gametes

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28
Q

Function of meiosis is to produce _____ ____

A

Haploid cells

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29
Q

Meiosis versus Mitosis

A

2 nuclear divisions
4 haploid daughter cells, genetically different
Produces haploid cells

VS

one nuclear division
2 diploid daughter cells, genetically identical
Growth and repair

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30
Q

The production of sperm

A

Spermatogenesis

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31
Q

The production of eggs

A

Oogenesis

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32
Q

Twins that are identical

A

Monozygotic

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33
Q

Twins that are fraternal

A

Dizygotic

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34
Q

Refers to the normal number of chromosomes

A

Euploidy

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35
Q

Refers to an abnormal / incorrect number of chromosomes

A

Aneuploidy

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36
Q

The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

A

Nondisjunction

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37
Q

Nondisjunction where one extra chromosome is produced (2n + 1)

A

Trisomy

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38
Q

Nondisjunction where one less chromosome is produced (2n - 1)

A

Monosomy

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39
Q

Nondisjunction accounts for ___% of spontaneous abortions

A

50

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40
Q

Changes in the chromosome number

A

Trisomy 21

Trisomy 18 & 13

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41
Q

In mothers less than 30 years of age, the chances of having a Down’s syndrome child is 1 in _____
In mothers more than 48 years, chances are 1 in ___
Down’s syndrome is an example of _____ ___

A

3000; 9; trisomy 21

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42
Q

Children with _____ ___ and ____ usually don’t survive past infancy because of their bigger genes

A

Trisomy 18 & 13

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43
Q

Changes in chromosome number

A 
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Poly-X
Jacobs syndrome
YO
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44
Q 
Syndrome where the person only has one X
Usually don't survive
Female
Short in stature
Sexually undeveloped
Normal intelligence
Cannot reproduce
Can live normal life if treated
A

Turner’s syndrome

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45
Q

Genotype for turners syndrome

A

XO

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46
Q

Genotype for Klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY

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47
Q

Klinefelter syndrome people….

A

Males
May show no signs of syndrome
Long arms/legs, big hands/feet
Develop more breast tissue than normal

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48
Q

Genotype for Poly-X

A

XXX

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49
Q

Poly-X people…

A

Female
Tall
Fertile but will have irregular periods
IQ is usually lower

50
Q

Genotype for Jacobs syndrome

A

XYY

51
Q

Genotype for YO

No history of anyone who has survived this

A

YO

52
Q

Chromosome structural abnormalities

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

53
Q

When part of a chromosome is lost

A

Deletion

54
Q

Which chromosome structural abnormality is the worst?

A

Deletion

55
Q

Examples of deletion

A

Cri du chat- when babies sound like cats (genes in chromosome 5)

Williams syndrome

56
Q

What is Williams syndrome?

A

An example of deletion the affects the productions of elastin

57
Q

One or more genes are duplicated

A

Duplication

58
Q

If genes are ABC, they are flipped around to CBA; less harmful

A

Inversion

59
Q

When a part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a non homologue

A

Translocation

60
Q

Example of translocation

A

CML-leukemia: between chromosomes 9 & 22

61
Q

Particulate Theory of Inheritance

A

Refers to particles
Based on the existence of small hereditary units which we now call genes
Proposed law of segregation and law of independent assortment

62
Q

What Mendel called genes; sequences of DNA on a chromosome that code for a trait)

A

Factors

63
Q

Location of the gene on the chromosome

A

Locus

64
Q

Gene will be expressed if only one allele is present

A

Dominant

65
Q

Gene will be expressed with two alleles present

A

Recessive

66
Q

Both the same from mom and dad
TT
tt

A

Homozygous

67
Q

Two different alleles

Tt

A

Heterozygous

68
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual

A

Genotype

69
Q

Physical characteristics of a person

A

Phenotype

70
Q

Looking at one trait

A

Monohybrid cross

71
Q

Law of segregation

A

Each individual has two factors for each trait
Factors segregate during gamete formation
Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors
Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait

72
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Each pair of factors segregated independently of the other pairs
All possibly combinations of factors can occur in the gametes

73
Q

Looks at two traits

A

Dihybrid cross

74
Q

Autosomal recessive diseases

A 
Methemoglobinemia
Cystic fibrosis
Albinism
Galactosemia
Phenylketonuria
Tay-Sachs Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
75
Q

A build up of methemoglobin; people who have it are blue; BLUE FUGATES

A

Methemoglobinemia

76
Q

Affects the protein that allows chloride to pass; builds up mucus in lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis

77
Q

Lack of any pigment in the body; prone to skin cancer and cataracts

A

Albinism

78
Q

Build up of the sugar galactose; damaging to eyes and liver; can cause mental handicap

A

Galactosemia

79
Q

Build up of phenylketones; can damage the development of the central nervous system

A

Phenylketonuria

80
Q

Lipid accumulation in the brain; causes mental deficiency and blindness; no one survives

A

Tay-Sachs Disease

81
Q

Red blood cells are shaped like a boat rather than a werther’s caramel; causes damage in many places b/c of the shape

A

Sickle Cell Disease

82
Q

People who are carries for sickle cell (Hh) can develop it if _____

A

Stressed

83
Q

Autosomal dominant diseases

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta
Achondroplasia
Alzheimer’s disease
Huntington’s disease

84
Q

Imperfect production of bones

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

85
Q

Bad cartilage growth; a form of dwarfism

AA = lethal
Only Aa and aa people survive

A

Achondroplasia

86
Q

Causes mental deterioration, uncontrollable movements, and is fatal; symptoms don’t show until middle age

A

Huntington’s Disease

87
Q

Protein on a cell that will cause a reaction

A

Antigen

88
Q

_____ reacts with an antigen

A

Antibody

89
Q

Example of multiple alleles

A

ABO bloodtyping

90
Q

O blood type

A

Universal donor

91
Q

AB blood type

A

Universal receiver

92
Q

When the heterozygote fully expresses both alleles

A

Codominance

93
Q

Example of codominance

A

ABO bloodtyping; both A and B are dominant over O

94
Q

Positive or negative on blood types; comes from Rhesus monkey

A

Rh factor

95
Q

Where the heterozygote has intermediate inheritance

A

Incomplete dominance

96
Q

Examples of incomplete dominance

A

Red snapdragons crossed with white snapdragons = pink ones

Hypercholesterolemia = too much cholesterol in the blood
HH- high cholesterol
Hh- in between cholesterol
hh- low cholesterol

97
Q

Dominant allele may not always be exhibited in the heterozygote

HH- will show it
Hh- may or may not
hh- won’t show it

EX: polydactyly = multiple fingers/toes

A

Incomplete penetrance

98
Q

When multiple phenotypes are expressed through one gene

A

Pleiotropism

99
Q

Mutation in one gene that affects connective tissue in your body; example of pleiotropism

A

Marfan syndrome

100
Q

When one gene affects the expression of another

A

Epistasis

101
Q

Example of epistasis

A

Make pattern baldness hiding a widows peak

102
Q

Traits controlled by one gene; most traits are like this

EX: skin and eye color, height, intelligence

A

Polygenic

103
Q

Father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

104
Q

Can affect gene expression

A

Environmental

105
Q

Genes that are on the sex chromosomes

A

X-Linked inheritance

106
Q

X-Linked Inheritance

A 
Y chromosome
Sex linked genes
X-linked recessive
X-linked dominant
X-inactivation
107
Q

Major gene = SRY = sex determining region

If present, it triggers the development of testicles

A

Y chromosome

108
Q

Genes on the sex chromosome but are not related to sexual characteristics

X^H X^H = female (homozygous dominant)
X^H Y = male (hemizygous)
OR
X^h Y

A

Sex linked genes

109
Q

X linked recessive

A

Hemophilia
Red green color blindness
Duchenne muscular dystrophy

110
Q

Blood disorder there a clotting factor is missing

A

Hemophilia

111
Q

Disease that affects the nerves going to the muscles so they don’t develop properly

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

112
Q

X linked dominant

A

Congenital generalized hypertrichosis
Hypophosphatemic rickets
Retinitis pigmentosa

113
Q

Bigfoot hair

A

Congenital generalized hypertrichosis

114
Q

Low blood phosphate

Causes problems with bones

A

Hypophosphatemic rickets

115
Q

Condition of the eye that will cause partial blindness

A

Retinitis pigmentosa

116
Q

One X is inactivated

Barr body- inactivated X
Random
Basis behind calico cats

A

X inactivation

117
Q

Diagram showing inheritance through generations

A

Pedigrees

118
Q

When and where does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I of meiosis I at the chiasma

119
Q

Homozygous recessive has two recessive _____

A

Alleles

120
Q

Genotype of someone who has Jacobs syndrome

A

XYY

121
Q

Difference between meiosis I and mitosis

A

Homologous pairs line up whereas chromosomes line up

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