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College Biology > Chapter 44 Ecology Test > Flashcards

Chapter 44 Ecology Test Flashcards

1
Q

Group of one species of an organism in a specific area

A

Population

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2
Q

Physical location where an organism lives

A

Habitat

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3
Q

The role that organisms play or their job in the environment

A

Niche

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4
Q

All organisms in a given area

A

Community

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5
Q

The study of the relationship between an organism and its environment

A

Ecology

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6
Q

Number of individuals of a species in a unit area or volume

A

Population density

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7
Q

Describe how individuals are scattered throughout the habitat

A

Dispersion patterns

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8
Q

Types of dispersion patterns

A

Random
Uniform
Clumped/uneven

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9
Q

Dispersion pattern that has randomly scattered individuals throughout the habitat

A

Random

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10
Q

Dispersion pattern that has individuals evenly dispersed

A

Uniform

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11
Q

Dispersion pattern that has individuals clustered together

A

Clumped/uneven

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12
Q

Study of factors that influence changes in a population size

A

Population dynamics

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13
Q

Entering a population

A

Immigration

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14
Q

Leaving a population

A

Emigration

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15
Q

The number of new individuals produced per unit time

A

Birth rate

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16
Q

Refers to distribution of the age classes

A

Age structure

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17
Q

Age classes

A

Pre reproductive
Reproductive
Post reproductive

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18
Q

In humans, occurs before puberty

A

Pre reproductive class

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19
Q

Age at which individuals can reproduce

A

Reproductive class

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20
Q

Age group that cannot reproduce

A

Post reproductive class

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21
Q

Age structure diagrams

A

Growing population
Stable population
Declining population

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22
Q

Has a large pre reproductive class

A

Growing population

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23
Q

All 3 classes are about the same size

A

Stable population

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24
Q

Most members are reproductive and post reproductive

A

Declining population

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25
Number of individuals dying per unit time
Death rate
26
A graph of the proportion of surviving individuals at any given age
Survivorship curves
27
Types of survivorship curves
Type I Type II Type III
28
The mortality rate is highest at a max age
Type I
29
In Type I curves...
Most individuals don't die until they're older | Parents invest lots of time raising their young
30
Examples of Type I curves
Elephants | Humans
31
Equal probability of dying at any age
Type II
32
Examples of Type II curve
Birds | Smaller mammals
33
most individuals die young
Type III
34
In Type III curves...
Organisms have hundreds of young at a time | Parents invest little time/energy in raising young
35
Examples of Type III curves
Fish Insects Invertebrates
36
Per capita rate of increase of population
Population growth
37
______ _____ is different between birth and death rates
Population growth
38
-r = ______
Decreasing
39
r = ______
Increasing
40
When the growth of a population is very rapid
Exponential growth
41
______ _____ cannot continue ______
Exponential growth; indefinitely
42
Exponential growth is represented by the ____ shaped curve
J
43
Logistic growth is represented by the ____ shaped curve
S
44
Logistic growth is because of _______ _______
Environmental resistance
45
The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support indefinitely
Carrying capacity
46
Equation of exponential growth
G = rn
47
Equation of logistic growth
G = rn ( (k-n) / n)
48
What is G?
Population size of the following year
49
What is r?
Rate of increase per capita
50
What is n?
Number of individuals (females in exponential)
51
What is k?
Carrying capacity in logistic growth
52
What is rn?
Growth rate
53
Things that limit the population size due to an increase in the population
Density dependent factors
54
Density dependent factors
``` Food Water Shelter Sunlight Space Predation Infectious disease ```
55
Competition in population size limits
The more individuals, the less resources, the more competition
56
Types of competition
Interspecific competition | Intraspecific competition
57
Competition between different species
Interspecific competition
58
Competition within a species
Intraspecific competition
59
The factors that live that are unrelated to population density
Density independent factors
60
Density independent factors
Natural disasters | Industrial incidents
61
Reproductive strategies
R-selected species | K-selected species
62
R-selected species....
``` Live short lives Reproduce at an early age Offspring receive little care Offspring have low probability of surviving to reproductive age Density independent factors limit these ```
63
When conditions are favorable, r-selected species' populations can ______
Explode
64
R-selected species are Type ____
III
65
K-selected species....
``` Live long lives Mature later in life Produce small number of offspring Offspring are given extended care Most live long enough to reproduce Density dependent factors limit these ```
66
K-selected species are Type ___ and Type ___
I and II
67
Examples of reproductive strategies
South American guppies
68
South American guppies...
Live in streams/rivers | Have 3 areas of predation intensities
69
Predation intensities of guppies
Cichlids Rivulus No predation
70
______ eat the adult guppies; ______ predation; ___-selected species
Cichlids; high; r
71
______ eat the young guppies; _____ predation; ___-selected species
Rivulus; moderate; r
72
No predation is a ___-selected species
K
73
With cichlids and rivulus, there are _____ babies being born
More
74
When there's no predation, ____ babies are being born
Less
75
It was hypothesized that guppies from the first area would ______ faster and devote more energy to _____ due to ______ _____
Mature; reproduction; natural selection
76
They confirmed that there was a ______ _____ to their hypothesis
Genetic basis
77
They put guppies from Area ___ into Area ____ to see if they would turn from r to k, and they did
1; 3
78
The average population density of the whole world is ____ people per square kilometer
43
79
__/__ of the population is from India and China
1/3
80
Population growth rate = ___.___ % per year, but it is going _____
1.2%; down
81
Factors in the human population
Fertility Mortality Age structures
82
Birth rates shift from high to low
Demographic transition
83
First Stage of demographic transition
High birth and death rates | Population growth would be slow
84
Transitional Stage of demographic transition
``` Living conditions improve Learn how to control some diseases High birth rate Decreased death rate Typical of developing countries ```
85
Third Stage of demographic transition
Birth rate decreases Death rate stays low/goes lower Typical of more developed countries
86
Factors that affect birth rates
Economy Social Family planning Government policies
87
Women with higher education tend to have _____ kids
Fewer
88
The more income a family makes, the _____ kids they'll have
Fewer
89
Factors that affect death rates
Life expectancy Improved public health Improved medical technology AIDS
90
Overall life expectancy = ___ years in developed countries, ___ years in less developed countries
75; 50
91
Population growth effects on the environment
Resources Generate more waste Pollution Energy consumption

College Biology (16 decks)

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