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College Biology > Chapter 44 Ecology Test > Flashcards

Chapter 44 Ecology Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Group of one species of an organism in a specific area

A

Population

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2
Q

Physical location where an organism lives

A

Habitat

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3
Q

The role that organisms play or their job in the environment

A

Niche

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4
Q

All organisms in a given area

A

Community

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5
Q

The study of the relationship between an organism and its environment

A

Ecology

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6
Q

Number of individuals of a species in a unit area or volume

A

Population density

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7
Q

Describe how individuals are scattered throughout the habitat

A

Dispersion patterns

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8
Q

Types of dispersion patterns

A

Random
Uniform
Clumped/uneven

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9
Q

Dispersion pattern that has randomly scattered individuals throughout the habitat

A

Random

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10
Q

Dispersion pattern that has individuals evenly dispersed

A

Uniform

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11
Q

Dispersion pattern that has individuals clustered together

A

Clumped/uneven

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12
Q

Study of factors that influence changes in a population size

A

Population dynamics

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13
Q

Entering a population

A

Immigration

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14
Q

Leaving a population

A

Emigration

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15
Q

The number of new individuals produced per unit time

A

Birth rate

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16
Q

Refers to distribution of the age classes

A

Age structure

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17
Q

Age classes

A

Pre reproductive
Reproductive
Post reproductive

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18
Q

In humans, occurs before puberty

A

Pre reproductive class

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19
Q

Age at which individuals can reproduce

A

Reproductive class

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20
Q

Age group that cannot reproduce

A

Post reproductive class

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21
Q

Age structure diagrams

A

Growing population
Stable population
Declining population

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22
Q

Has a large pre reproductive class

A

Growing population

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23
Q

All 3 classes are about the same size

A

Stable population

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24
Q

Most members are reproductive and post reproductive

A

Declining population

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25
Q

Number of individuals dying per unit time

A

Death rate

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26
Q

A graph of the proportion of surviving individuals at any given age

A

Survivorship curves

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27
Q

Types of survivorship curves

A

Type I
Type II
Type III

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28
Q

The mortality rate is highest at a max age

A

Type I

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29
Q

In Type I curves…

A

Most individuals don’t die until they’re older

Parents invest lots of time raising their young

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30
Q

Examples of Type I curves

A

Elephants

Humans

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31
Q

Equal probability of dying at any age

A

Type II

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32
Q

Examples of Type II curve

A

Birds

Smaller mammals

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33
Q

most individuals die young

A

Type III

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34
Q

In Type III curves…

A

Organisms have hundreds of young at a time

Parents invest little time/energy in raising young

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35
Q

Examples of Type III curves

A

Fish
Insects
Invertebrates

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36
Q

Per capita rate of increase of population

A

Population growth

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37
Q

______ _____ is different between birth and death rates

A

Population growth

38
Q

-r = ______

A

Decreasing

39
Q

r = ______

A

Increasing

40
Q

When the growth of a population is very rapid

A

Exponential growth

41
Q

______ _____ cannot continue ______

A

Exponential growth; indefinitely

42
Q

Exponential growth is represented by the ____ shaped curve

A

J

43
Q

Logistic growth is represented by the ____ shaped curve

A

S

44
Q

Logistic growth is because of _______ _______

A

Environmental resistance

45
Q

The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support indefinitely

A

Carrying capacity

46
Q

Equation of exponential growth

A

G = rn

47
Q

Equation of logistic growth

A

G = rn ( (k-n) / n)

48
Q

What is G?

A

Population size of the following year

49
Q

What is r?

A

Rate of increase per capita

50
Q

What is n?

A

Number of individuals (females in exponential)

51
Q

What is k?

A

Carrying capacity in logistic growth

52
Q

What is rn?

A

Growth rate

53
Q

Things that limit the population size due to an increase in the population

A

Density dependent factors

54
Q

Density dependent factors

A 
Food
Water
Shelter
Sunlight
Space
Predation
Infectious disease
55
Q

Competition in population size limits

A

The more individuals, the less resources, the more competition

56
Q

Types of competition

A

Interspecific competition

Intraspecific competition

57
Q

Competition between different species

A

Interspecific competition

58
Q

Competition within a species

A

Intraspecific competition

59
Q

The factors that live that are unrelated to population density

A

Density independent factors

60
Q

Density independent factors

A

Natural disasters

Industrial incidents

61
Q

Reproductive strategies

A

R-selected species

K-selected species

62
Q

R-selected species….

A 
Live short lives
Reproduce at an early age
Offspring receive little care
Offspring have low probability of surviving to reproductive age
Density independent factors limit these
63
Q

When conditions are favorable, r-selected species’ populations can ______

A

Explode

64
Q

R-selected species are Type ____

A

III

65
Q

K-selected species….

A 
Live long lives
Mature later in life
Produce small number of offspring
Offspring are given extended care
Most live long enough to reproduce
Density dependent factors limit these
66
Q

K-selected species are Type ___ and Type ___

A

I and II

67
Q

Examples of reproductive strategies

A

South American guppies

68
Q

South American guppies…

A

Live in streams/rivers

Have 3 areas of predation intensities

69
Q

Predation intensities of guppies

A

Cichlids
Rivulus
No predation

70
Q

______ eat the adult guppies; ______ predation; ___-selected species

A

Cichlids; high; r

71
Q

______ eat the young guppies; _____ predation; ___-selected species

A

Rivulus; moderate; r

72
Q

No predation is a ___-selected species

A

K

73
Q

With cichlids and rivulus, there are _____ babies being born

A

More

74
Q

When there’s no predation, ____ babies are being born

A

Less

75
Q

It was hypothesized that guppies from the first area would ______ faster and devote more energy to _____ due to ______ _____

A

Mature; reproduction; natural selection

76
Q

They confirmed that there was a ______ _____ to their hypothesis

A

Genetic basis

77
Q

They put guppies from Area ___ into Area ____ to see if they would turn from r to k, and they did

A

1; 3

78
Q

The average population density of the whole world is ____ people per square kilometer

A

43

79
Q

__/__ of the population is from India and China

A

1/3

80
Q

Population growth rate = ___.___ % per year, but it is going _____

A

1.2%; down

81
Q

Factors in the human population

A

Fertility
Mortality
Age structures

82
Q

Birth rates shift from high to low

A

Demographic transition

83
Q

First Stage of demographic transition

A

High birth and death rates

Population growth would be slow

84
Q

Transitional Stage of demographic transition

A 
Living conditions improve
Learn how to control some diseases
High birth rate
Decreased death rate
Typical of developing countries
85
Q

Third Stage of demographic transition

A

Birth rate decreases
Death rate stays low/goes lower
Typical of more developed countries

86
Q

Factors that affect birth rates

A

Economy
Social
Family planning
Government policies

87
Q

Women with higher education tend to have _____ kids

A

Fewer

88
Q

The more income a family makes, the _____ kids they’ll have

A

Fewer

89
Q

Factors that affect death rates

A

Life expectancy
Improved public health
Improved medical technology
AIDS

90
Q

Overall life expectancy = ___ years in developed countries, ___ years in less developed countries

A

75; 50

91
Q

Population growth effects on the environment

A

Resources
Generate more waste
Pollution
Energy consumption

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