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College Biology > Cell Cycle Test > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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2
Q

Genome

A

The entire genetic material of an organism

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3
Q

Histones

A

Proteins around which DNA is wrapped

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

Thread-like structure of DNA in the nucleus that is not dividing

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

Discrete molecule of DNA that has coiled and condensed and is visible; in the nucleus

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6
Q

Chromosomes in humans

A

46

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7
Q

Chromatid

A

One of two identical copies of a duplicated chromosome

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8
Q

Centromere

A

Part of a chromosome that attaches sister chromatids together

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9
Q

Diploid

A

Total number of chromosomes in an organism’s cell (2n)

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10
Q

Haploid

A

Half of the diploid number (n)

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11
Q

Karyotype

A

Picture showing all of the chromosomes of a cell

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12
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells; contains haploid number of chromosomes

Woman = egg
Man = sperm
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13
Q

Germ cells

A

Cells that produce gametes

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14
Q

Somatic cells

A

All cells of the body except germ cells

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15
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of a nuclear division of a cell that produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells

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16
Q

Function of mitosis

A

Growth and repair

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17
Q

Meiosis

A

Process that occurs in gametes that (usually) produces four genetically different haploid daughter cells

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18
Q

Function of meiosis

A

To produce haploid cells

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19
Q

The 23rd chromosome is the _____ _____ (determines the sex)

A

Sex chromosome

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20
Q

Series of reactions that a cell undergoes when dividing; making of two exact duplicates

A

Cell cycle

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21
Q

Phase between mitotic divisions

A

Interphase

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22
Q

Interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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23
Q

In the G1 phase, …

A

The cell gets bigger and molecules and organelles are produced that are needed for cell division

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24
Q

In S phase, …

A

The DNA is copied (DNA replication)

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25
Q

In G2 phase, …

A

The cell prepares to divide and proteins are made that will be used in cell division

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26
Q

Mitosis

A 
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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27
Q

Prophase

A

DNA coils, condenses, and becomes visible
Nucleolus disappears
Spindle is formed

28
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope disappears

29
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate on the equator of the cell

30
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere

They are pulled to opposite poles

31
Q

Telophase

A

Chromatids reach opposite poles
Nuclear membrane reforms
Nucleolus appears again

32
Q

Cytokinesis

A

When two cells separate

33
Q

During cytokinesis, this forms in animal cells to help the cells separate

A

Cleavage furrow

34
Q

In cytokinesis, this forms in plants to help the cells separate

A

Cell plate

35
Q

At the end of cytokinesis there will be ____ _____ _____ ____

A

2 genetically identical cells

36
Q

Mitosis consists of

A

One nuclear division
It begins with one diploid cell
It results in two genetically identical daughter cells
It’s function is growth and repair

37
Q

Controlled by growth factors that will stimulate the cell cycle or suppress it

A

Checkpoints

38
Q

Checkpoints

A

G1 Checkpoint
S Checkpoint
G2 Checkpoint
Metaphase Checkpoint

39
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

DNA is screened for damage; if damage can be fixed it is, if not, P53 is called in

40
Q

Protein that initiates apoptosis

A

P53

41
Q

S Checkpoint

A

Ensures accurate DNA replication

42
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

After DNA replication:
it checks for damaged DNA
two complete sets
can either fix problems or call P53 (if there are any problems)

43
Q

Metaphase Checkpoint

A

Ensures alignment of the chromosomes

Makes sure the spindle is attached correctly

44
Q

G0

A

When the cell cycle has stopped

45
Q

Specific sequences of DNA found at both ends of chromosomes

A

Telomeres

46
Q

Each time a cell undergoes cell division, telomeres ____ _____

A

Get shorter

47
Q

When telomeres are gone, the cell ____ ____

A

Stops dividing

48
Q

Protein that will add telomeres back on to cells

A

Telomerase

49
Q

Growth or abnormal mass of tissue

A

Tumor

50
Q

Slow growing tumor that will not spread to other parts of the body

A

Benign

51
Q

Fast growing tumor that is likely to spread if untreated

A

Malignant

52
Q

The tumor has already spread

A

Metastasis

53
Q

Medical term for cancer

A

Neoplasia

54
Q

Cancer cells _____ _____

A

Ignore normality

55
Q

Characteristics of cancer cells

A 
Rounder
Loss of normal features
Typically immortal (ignore 50)
Make their own signals and rules (ignore the body)
Lack contact inhibition
56
Q

Contact inhibition

A

When cells are contacted on all sides, they stop dividing

When damaged, they might not die; they will build their own blood supply

57
Q

The production of a blood supply

A

Angiogenesis

58
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Oncogenes

Tumor suppressor genes

59
Q

Abnormal variants of genes that control cell division; genes that cause cancer

A

Oncogenes

60
Q

Oncogenes only need ____ ____ to be expressed to cause cancer

A

One gene

61
Q

Promote normal cell death or prevent cell division

A

Tumor suppressor genes

62
Q

Both genes in tumor suppressor genes must be ______ in order to cause cancer

A

Damaged

63
Q

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes can be ______ _____ ____

A

Genetically passed down

64
Q

Treatments of cancer

A

Chemotherapy
Radiation
Surgery
Newer techniques / approaches

65
Q

Medications that target rapidly-dividing cells

A

Chemotherapy

66
Q

X-rays or radioactive isotopes that target specific cancer cells

A

Radiation

67
Q

Major functions of apoptosis

A

To elementary excess cells to carve out functional structures
To eliminate cells that might harm the organism

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