Chapter 1 & 2 Test Flashcards
Smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element
Atom
Group of atoms joined together; two or more atoms combined
Molecule
Structural and functional unit of life; does all the work of the organism; building blocks of an organism
Cell
All living organisms in a specific area
Community
Group of organisms of the same species
Population
Producers of their own food
Autotrophs
Larvae eating moldy chicken would be ______ or ______
Heterotrophs; consumers
Maintenance of s constant internal environment
Homeostasis
Change of the genetic composition of s species over time
Evolution
Tentative statement of an educated guess
Hypothesis
The variable that is measured or changed
Dependent
The variable that is controlled
Independent
Complex properties that arise from the interaction between different types of organisms
Emergent properties
Kingdom that has all the “leftovers”
Protista
A classroom would be considered a ______
Population
Everything in a room would be considered an _______
Ecosystem
______ make up most of the kingdom “Animalia”
Insects
Term given to something that has overwhelming evidence to support it
Theory
Scientific Method
Observation Hypothesis Experimentation Analysis Publication
Collection of cells
Tissue
Collection of tissues that act in a similar way
Organs
Collection of organs working together
Organ system
Bunch of organ systems working together
Organism
Living and no living parts in a given area
Ecosystem
Areas on earth where life can exist
Biosphere
Interacting components that crest new, complex functions
Emergent properties
Characteristics of Life
Organization Requires energy Homeostasis Response to stimuli Reproduction and development Adaptation
The ability to do work
Energy
Gets food from a different source
Consumers or heterotrophs
A change in an organism that gives it a better chance to reproduce and survive
Adaptation
The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
Metabolism
Build molecules
Anabolism
Breaks down molecules
Catabolism
Diversity and unity of life, common descent with modification
Theory of Evolution
Major driving force behind evolution, enhanced reproductive success of certain individuals due to inherited characteristics
Natural selection
Change in the DNA sequence; fuel natural selection
Mutation
Classification and naming of organisms
Taxonomy
Came up with the most adopted system of classification (by species)
Carollus Linnaeus
Newer classification system (by DNA)
Systematics
Category of classification
Tacoma
Domain
Archaea- old bacteria
Bacteria- new bacteria
Eukarya- everything else (humans, mold, etc)
Archaea and bacteria used to be in a kingdom called _______
Monera
Kingdom
Protista- leftovers
Fungi- mushroom, mold, mildew…
Plantae- plants, sponges
Animalia- animals, humans, insects
Two name naming system
Binomial nomenclature
How do you name an organism?
Consists of genus name capitalized followed by species name lower cased with both names either underlined or italicized
Hypothesis that has a lot of evidence to support it
Theory
A theory that has so much evidence that we assume it is true (principle)
Law
Variable that you are changing in the experiment
Independent variable (experimental)
Variable that you are measuring in the experiment
Dependent variable (responding)
Variables that you are trying to keep constant throughout the whole experiment
Standardized variable
_____ groups would get independent variable and _____ groups would get dependent variable
Test; control
Series of questions that give you two options (one or the other) until you get an end result
Dichotomous Key
Group A- 0 sick
Group B- 5 sick
Group C- 19 sick
Independent =
Dependent =
Standardized =
Control =
Amount of vaccine
Dogs getting sick or not
Amount of food, light, water, cage size, number of shots, place of shot, timing of shot
C Group
Form of matter that cannot be broken down further by ordinary chemical means
Element
Smallest piece of an element that retains the same properties of that element; made up of subatomic particles
Atom
Anything that takes up space
Matter
The amount of matter that is present
Mass
Involves gravity
Weight
Lives in nucleus; +1; AMU = 1
Proton
Lives in nucleus; 0; AMU = 1
Neutron
Orbits outside the nucleus in electron shell; -1; AMU = 0
Electron
Atomic mass (mass number)
Number of protons + number of neutrons
Atomic number
Number of protons
Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
Isotopes
Credited for coming up with the periodic table (91 naturally occurring, 25 essential to life, 6 make up 98% of life)
Dmitri Mendeleev
Elements that you need more of
Bulk elements
Elements that you need less of
Trace elements
Charged atom
Ion
Most likely place to find electrons
Orbitals
First orbital can only hold ___ electrons, whereas every other orbital can hold 8
2
Determines chemical properties of an atom
Valence shell
Outermost electrons inside the shell
Valence electrons
Except for the first shell, every shell (orbital) will be filled with 8 electrons
Octet Rule
Two joined atoms (can be same or different)
Molecule
Molecule that has two or more different elements
Compound
______ is any two elements combined, whereas in a ______, the elements have to be different
Molecule
Tells you the number of each atom in a compound
Chemical formula
Shows how atoms are arranged and the number of them in a compound
Structural formula
Have the same chemical formula but different structural formula
Isomer
Bond formed by the attraction of opposite charges (electrons are transferred)
Ionic bond
Giving the electron
Electron donor
Gaining an electron
Electron acceptor
Bond formed when atoms share electrons in their outer shell (stronger than ionic bonds)
Covalent bond
Electrons are shared equally between atoms
Nonpolar covalent
Electrons are shared unequally between atoms
Polar covalent
Reason why life exists on earth
Water
Weakest; bonds between the partial charges in molecules
Hydrogen bond
Resists temperature changes
High heat capacity
Part of a mixture that dissolves something
Solvent
Mixture of at least two substances
Solution
Dissolved part of a substance
Solute
Dissolvable in water (water loving); polar
Hydrophilic
Not dissolvable in water (water fearing)
Hydrophobic
Sticking to something else; capillary action
Adhesion
Ability of molecules to stick to each other; surface tension
Cohesion
Ability of water to rise up with no assistance, against gravity
Capillary action
Measures alkalinity or acidity of a solution
Scale from 0-14
pH scale
Less than 7 = ______
Acid
More than 7 = _____
Base
pH of 7 = 1 x 10^-7
10 fold change for every whole number
This substance has a pH of 7.35-7.45
Regulated by respiratory and urinary systems
Human blood
Chemicals that keep pH within a normal limit by taking up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions
Buffers
