Chapter 7 & 8 Test Flashcards
1
Q
Processing which plants and other organisms harness solar energy and convert it into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate
A
Photosynthesis
2
Q
Make their own food (producers)
A
Autotrophs
3
Q
Structures in photosynthesis
A
Stomata Chloroplast Stroma Thylakoid Grana
4
Q
Small openings in leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit
A
Stomata
5
Q
Photosynthetic organelles of plants
A
Chloroplast
6
Q
Fluid inside the chloroplast
A
Stroma
7
Q
Photosynthesis begins in this membrane inside the chloroplast
A
Thylakoid
8
Q
Stack of thylakoids
A
Grana
9
Q
Molecules that will capture sunlight (in thylakoid membrane)
A
Pigment molecules
10
Q
Formula for photosynthesis
A
6CO2 + 6H2O yields (sunlight) 6O2 + C6H12O6
11
Q
Process of photosynthesis
A
Carbon dioxide is reduced and water is oxidized
Solar energy is converted into ATP
Glucose is produced for the building blocks of other molecules
12
Q
Entire spectrum of energy that is released by the sun; travels in wavelengths
A
Electromagnetic spectrum
13
Q
Particles that behave like waves; distance from one troph to another
A
Wavelengths
14
Q
_______ _____ keeps gamma rays and x-rays out
A
Magnetic field
15
Q
Why see black?
A
Matter has an inherent shininess (even though it absorbs all colors)
16
Q
Short wavelength has a _____ energy
A
High
17
Q
Long wavelength has a _____ energy
A
Low
18
Q
Parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
A
Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet rays Visible light Infrared Microwaves Radio waves
19
Q
Shortest wavelength and highest energy (destroys DNA and cells, can kill and cause cancer)
A
Gamma rays
20
Q
Second shortest wavelength; can cause cancer
A
X-rays
21
Q
Energy is getting less damaging (not as bad a x-rays)
The melanin protects skin from UV rays
A
Ultraviolet rays
22
Q
If you detract it, it’ll change colors (ROYGBIV) - each color has a different wavelength (not dangerous
A
Visible light
23
Q
_______ ______ contains just the right amount of energy
A
Visible light
24
Q
Night vision
A
Infrared
25
Second to last safest wavelength
Microwaves
26
Numbers are wavelengths of the particular ______ ______ hitting the antenna
Radio waves
27
Packets of light energy that move
Photons
28
Pigments
Major pigments
| Accessory pigments
29
Most abundant in plants; it's green because all other colors get absorbed except green because it is reflected
Major pigment (chlorophyll a)
30
Greenish / yellow accessory pigment that breaks down depending on the length of the day (breaks down as daylight gets shorter)
chlorophyll b
31
Red, yellow, orange accessory pigment
carotenoids
32
Yellow accessory pigment
Xanthophyll
33
Coenzyme whose function is to transport electrons
NADP+
34
When NADP+ accepts an electron, it becomes ______
NADPH
35
Photosynthesis is ____ sets of reactions
Two
36
Sets of reactions for photosynthesis
```
Light reactions (light dependent)
Dark reactions (light independent)
```
37
Light dependent; can only occur in sunlight; happened in the thylakoid membrane
Light reactions
38
Light reactions
Solar energy is absorbed (produces ATP and NADPH)
Water is split
Oxygen is released
Must come first and occur in daylight
39
Dark reactions (light independent) (carbon / Calvin cycle)
Occur in the stroma
CO2 is absorbed
Use ATP and NADPH to make glucose
40
Consist of a pigment complex that has pigment molecules and electron acceptor molecules
Photosystems
41
In a photo system, .......
An electron is excited and goes to a higher energy level
| Potential energy is increased
42
Photosystems
Photosystem I
| Photosystem II
43
Photosystem that occurs first
Photosystem II
44
Steps of light reactions
Photosystem II
Electron Transport Chain
Photosystem I
Calvin Cycle
45
Pigment molecule absorbs a photon of light which is passed on until it reaches a reaction center
Photosystem II
46
Reaction center in photosystem II
P680
47
Photosystem II
An electron is excited
An electron is accepted in electron acceptor (had to be replaced)
Electron is replaced by water
Water is split
48
Series of exergonic reactions (releasing energy) that make ATP
Electron transport chain
49
Where does the ETC occur?
On the stroma side
50
What is ATP made by in the electron transport chain?
An enzyme called ATP synthase
51
The excited electron is replaced by the electron from photosystem II; electron goes through short ETC which converts NADP+ + H into NADPH
Photosystem I
52
Uses CO2 that has diffused in from the air and uses ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) to make G3P
Calvin cycle
53
G3P is made into ______ in the Calvin cycle
Glucose
54
Carbon fixation
CO2 comes in and combines with a 5-carbon compound called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
RUBISCO fixes RuBP
6 carbon molecules split into 2 3-carbon molecules called 3-PG
55
The enzyme that fixes RuBP
RUBISCO
56
Parts of the Calvin cycle
Carbon fixation
Reduction of CO2
Regeneration of RuBP
57
6 ATP and 6 NADPH are used to reduce 6 molecules of 3PG
Reduction of CO2
58
Reduction of CO2 produces ____ ______ of ____; one of them is the net product of photosynthesis and the others remain in the Calvin cycle
6 molecules of G3P
59
One of the six molecules of G3P
3-carbon
60
The five other molecules of G3P
15-carbon
61
G3P is a _______ molecule so six of them would be _____
3-carbon; 18
62
Since we take one of the 3-carbon molecules out, _____ stay in
15
63
15 carbons are rearranged to form 3 RuBP
Regeneration of RuBP
64
In order to make one ______ molecule, the Calvin cycle must turn ___ times, it used __ ______, ___ _____ molecules, and ____ _____ molecules
Glucose; 6; 6 CO2, 18 ATP; 12 NADPH
65
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma
66
Does the Calvin cycle require light?
No
67
Plants that undergo regular photosynthesis (RUBISCO fixes CO2 to RuBP)
C3 plants
68
When the weather is hot and dry, the plants _____ ____ ______ to save water; oxygen builds up
Close their stomata
69
When the plants close their stomata, RUBISCO will add _____ to ____. ______ is not produced
Oxygen; RuBP; glucose
70
The adding of oxygen to RuBP
Photorespiration
71
______ and _____ go through photorespiration
Trees and flowers
72
Adaptations of plants
C3 plants
C4 plants
Cam plants
73
Method evolved to save water but not stop photosynthesis
C4 plants
74
What happens in C4 plants?
CO2 is fixed to a 4-carbon molecule instead of a 5-carbon molecule; it can still fix CO2 even with the low concentration
75
Examples of C4 plants
Corn
| Sugar cane
76
Plants that are constantly in hot, dry weather so they have their stomata closed all day
Cam plants (crassulacean acid metabolism)
77
What happens in cam plants?
They have their stomata closed all day
At night, they open it and let CO2 in
CO2 is fixed to a 4-C molecule
Released to Calvin cycle during the day
78
Examples of cam plants
Pineapple
Cactus
Aloe
Jade
79
Takes the glucose made in photosynthesis and converts it into energy that our bodies can use; energy is in the form of ATP
Cellular respiration
80
Some of the energy made in cellular respiration is lost in the form of _____
Heat
81
Cellular respiration occurs in the _______
Mitochondria
82
Formula of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
83
Cellular respiration is the ______ of photosynthesis
Opposite
84
Exchange of gases
Respiration
85
Exchanging gases with the environment (02 CO2)
External respiration
86
Oxygen to carbon dioxide (and back) at the cellular level; lungs, tissues, blood
Internal respiration
87
A human must have ____ production and about _____ _____ (per day) to survive
ATP; 2200 kilocalories
88
Energy from _____ is a stepwise fashion or the energy released would be _____ _____ to handle; electron transport chain
Glucose; too much
89
Movement of electrons from one molecule to another; move in the form of hydrogen ions
Redox reactions (oxidation reduction)
90
In redox reactions, ...
Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
91
Key players of redox reactions
Dehydrogenase
NAD+
FAD
92
Enzyme that takes hydrogen away from organic molecules
Dehydrogenase
93
Coenzyme that transports electrons (becomes NADH when reduced)
NAD+
94
Coenzyme that transports electrons (becomes FADH when reduced)
FAD
95
Phases of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Prep reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
96
Breaking down of glucose that had been taken in
Glycolysis
97
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm of the cell
98
In glycolysis, ______ is changed into ___ ______ molecules; glycolysis makes a ______ _____ molecules
Glucose; 2 pyruvate; couple ATP
99
Pyruvate is changed into acetyl CoA
Prep reaction
100
Where does the prep reaction occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
101
The extra carbon made from the prep reaction is ________ ___ ____
Released as CO2
102
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; makes a few ATP molecules (2); substrate level phosphorylation
Krebs cycle
103
Minor method of ATP production
Substrate level phosphorylation
104
Main function of glycolysis and Krebs cycle is to ______ _____ for _______ ______
Provide electrons for oxidative phosphorylation
105
Done through the electron transport chain; occurs in the mitochondrial cristae; major method of ATP production
Oxidative phosphorylation
106
Oxidative phosphorylation
Occurs in mitochondrial cristae
Electrons are produced by NADH and FADH
26-28 ATP are made
107
Glycolysis is ____ steps split into ____ through ___ and ____ through ___
10; 1; 5; 6; 10
108
These steps are called the energy investment phase; use energy in the form of ATP to split glucose
Steps 1-5
109
These steps are called the energy payoff phase; produce energy to do cellular work (energy in the form of ATP); produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP; waste product is water
Steps 6-10
110
Net ATP made by glycolysis
2 ATP
111
Net yield from glycolysis (one glucose molecule)
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP
112
Glycolysis takes part in the _____ method of ATP production
Minor
113
No requirement of oxygen
Anaerobic
114
Glycolysis is an ______ process so it ______ _____ ______ oxygen
Anaerobic; does not require
115
Some organisms can only use _____ and _____ functions in order to function
Glycolysis; anaerobic
116
What do we get as products from the prep reaction?
2 acetyl CoA
2 CO2 (waste)
2 NADH
117
Purpose of prep reaction
So acetyl CoA can enter into the Krebs cycle
118
What do we get as a product of the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP
119
Steps of Krebs cycle
1. Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate > citrate
2. Citrate > isocitrate
3. Isocitrate > alpha ketoglutarate
4. Alpha ketoglutarate > succinyl CoA
5. Succinyl CoA > succinate
6. Succinate > fumarate
7. Fumarate > malate
8. Malate > oxaloacetate
120
During acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate > citrate, ....
The CoA is removed
121
During isocitrate > alpha ketoglutarate, ...
NAD+ becomes NADH
| CO2 is released as waste
122
During alpha ketoglutarate > succinyl CoA, ....
NAD+ becomes NADH
| CO2 is released
123
During succinyl CoA > succinate, ...
ADP + P becomes ATP
| CoA is removed
124
During succinate > fumarate, ...
FAD becomes FADH
125
During malate > oxaloacetate, ....
NAD+ becomes NADH
126
Net yield from Krebs cycle for one glucose molecule
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH
4 CO2 (waste)
127
Goal of Krebs cycle is that NADH and FADH carry _______ to the final stage of cellular respiration
Electrons
128
Final stage of cellular respiration
Oxidative phosphorylation
129
Players of oxidative phosphorylation
```
NADH
FADH
electron transport chain
Hydrogen ion gradient
Oxygen
ATP synthase
```
130
Hydrogen ion gradient drives _____ _____
ATP production
131
_____ is the final electron acceptor
Oxygen
132
Steps of oxidative phosphorylation
1. NADH and FADH give up the IT electrons to the ETC (in cristae)
2. Energy is released in the form of H ions during the ETC reactions to the outside of the cristae
3. Oxygen accepts electrons and forms water
4. Concentration gradient (H ion outside cristae is greater than ion on the inside)
5. H ions go down the gradient but go through ATP synthase
6. Chemiosmosis fuels ATP synthase to produce ATP
133
Hydrogen ions go down the gradient but go through the ATO synthase because they can't go through the membrane
Chemiosmosis
134
Net yield of oxidative phosphorylation
26-28 ATP
135
Krebs cycle is ______
Aerobic
136
Net ATP of the metabolism of one glucose molecule
30 ATP
137
Alternate pathway off of cellular respiration
Fermentation
138
Fermentation
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis > pyruvate which can go into cellular respiration (with oxygen) or fermentation (no oxygen)
Makes 2 ATP
If in a muscle cell, lactic acid builds up
If I'm a yeast cell in anaerobic conditions, produces alcohol and CO2 (wastes)
139
Organism types
Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Aerobes
140
Organisms that get poisoned by oxygen (require anaerobic condition to live)
Obligate anaerobes
141
Organisms that can make ATP through fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation (yeast)
Facultative anaerobes
142
Organisms that require oxygen
Aerobes
143
Calvin cycle makes _____ which can be converted into glucose
PGAL
144
Get their energy from other sources
Heterotrophs
145
Photosynthesis occurs in the ______ (first part begins in thylakoid membrane and second part in stroma)
Chloroplast
146
Why do leaves change color?
Days get shorts and the sun gets weaker so the chlorophyll breaks down
147
Glucose is a ______
Carbohydrate
148
A complex that contains pigment molecules where an electron is excited to a higher energy level
Photosystem
149
Pigments absorb different ______ of sunlight
Wavelengths
150
Photosystem ____ occurs first
II
151
What replaces the electron in photosystem II?
The splitting of water
152
Light reactions occur in the ______ _____ of the _____
Thylakoid membrane; chloroplast
153
Photosystem I electron is replaced by ______ ______ that was _____ in ________ ___
The electron that was excited in photosystem II
