Chapter 7 & 8 Test Flashcards
Processing which plants and other organisms harness solar energy and convert it into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate
Photosynthesis
Make their own food (producers)
Autotrophs
Structures in photosynthesis
Stomata Chloroplast Stroma Thylakoid Grana
Small openings in leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit
Stomata
Photosynthetic organelles of plants
Chloroplast
Fluid inside the chloroplast
Stroma
Photosynthesis begins in this membrane inside the chloroplast
Thylakoid
Stack of thylakoids
Grana
Molecules that will capture sunlight (in thylakoid membrane)
Pigment molecules
Formula for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O yields (sunlight) 6O2 + C6H12O6
Process of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is reduced and water is oxidized
Solar energy is converted into ATP
Glucose is produced for the building blocks of other molecules
Entire spectrum of energy that is released by the sun; travels in wavelengths
Electromagnetic spectrum
Particles that behave like waves; distance from one troph to another
Wavelengths
_______ _____ keeps gamma rays and x-rays out
Magnetic field
Why see black?
Matter has an inherent shininess (even though it absorbs all colors)
Short wavelength has a _____ energy
High
Long wavelength has a _____ energy
Low
Parts of the electromagnetic spectrum
Gamma rays X-rays Ultraviolet rays Visible light Infrared Microwaves Radio waves
Shortest wavelength and highest energy (destroys DNA and cells, can kill and cause cancer)
Gamma rays
Second shortest wavelength; can cause cancer
X-rays
Energy is getting less damaging (not as bad a x-rays)
The melanin protects skin from UV rays
Ultraviolet rays
If you detract it, it’ll change colors (ROYGBIV) - each color has a different wavelength (not dangerous
Visible light
_______ ______ contains just the right amount of energy
Visible light
Night vision
Infrared
Second to last safest wavelength
Microwaves
Numbers are wavelengths of the particular ______ ______ hitting the antenna
Radio waves
Packets of light energy that move
Photons
Pigments
Major pigments
Accessory pigments
Most abundant in plants; it’s green because all other colors get absorbed except green because it is reflected
Major pigment (chlorophyll a)
Greenish / yellow accessory pigment that breaks down depending on the length of the day (breaks down as daylight gets shorter)
chlorophyll b
Red, yellow, orange accessory pigment
carotenoids
Yellow accessory pigment
Xanthophyll
Coenzyme whose function is to transport electrons
NADP+
When NADP+ accepts an electron, it becomes ______
NADPH
Photosynthesis is ____ sets of reactions
Two
Sets of reactions for photosynthesis
Light reactions (light dependent) Dark reactions (light independent)
Light dependent; can only occur in sunlight; happened in the thylakoid membrane
Light reactions
Light reactions
Solar energy is absorbed (produces ATP and NADPH)
Water is split
Oxygen is released
Must come first and occur in daylight
Dark reactions (light independent) (carbon / Calvin cycle)
Occur in the stroma
CO2 is absorbed
Use ATP and NADPH to make glucose
Consist of a pigment complex that has pigment molecules and electron acceptor molecules
Photosystems
In a photo system, …….
An electron is excited and goes to a higher energy level
Potential energy is increased
Photosystems
Photosystem I
Photosystem II
Photosystem that occurs first
Photosystem II
Steps of light reactions
Photosystem II
Electron Transport Chain
Photosystem I
Calvin Cycle
Pigment molecule absorbs a photon of light which is passed on until it reaches a reaction center
Photosystem II
Reaction center in photosystem II
P680
Photosystem II
An electron is excited
An electron is accepted in electron acceptor (had to be replaced)
Electron is replaced by water
Water is split
Series of exergonic reactions (releasing energy) that make ATP
Electron transport chain
Where does the ETC occur?
On the stroma side
What is ATP made by in the electron transport chain?
An enzyme called ATP synthase
The excited electron is replaced by the electron from photosystem II; electron goes through short ETC which converts NADP+ + H into NADPH
Photosystem I
Uses CO2 that has diffused in from the air and uses ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) to make G3P
Calvin cycle
G3P is made into ______ in the Calvin cycle
Glucose
Carbon fixation
CO2 comes in and combines with a 5-carbon compound called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
RUBISCO fixes RuBP
6 carbon molecules split into 2 3-carbon molecules called 3-PG
The enzyme that fixes RuBP
RUBISCO
Parts of the Calvin cycle
Carbon fixation
Reduction of CO2
Regeneration of RuBP
6 ATP and 6 NADPH are used to reduce 6 molecules of 3PG
Reduction of CO2
Reduction of CO2 produces ____ ______ of ____; one of them is the net product of photosynthesis and the others remain in the Calvin cycle
6 molecules of G3P
One of the six molecules of G3P
3-carbon
The five other molecules of G3P
15-carbon
G3P is a _______ molecule so six of them would be _____
3-carbon; 18
Since we take one of the 3-carbon molecules out, _____ stay in
15
15 carbons are rearranged to form 3 RuBP
Regeneration of RuBP
In order to make one ______ molecule, the Calvin cycle must turn ___ times, it used __ ______, ___ _____ molecules, and ____ _____ molecules
Glucose; 6; 6 CO2, 18 ATP; 12 NADPH
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma
Does the Calvin cycle require light?
No
Plants that undergo regular photosynthesis (RUBISCO fixes CO2 to RuBP)
C3 plants
When the weather is hot and dry, the plants _____ ____ ______ to save water; oxygen builds up
Close their stomata
When the plants close their stomata, RUBISCO will add _____ to ____. ______ is not produced
Oxygen; RuBP; glucose
The adding of oxygen to RuBP
Photorespiration
______ and _____ go through photorespiration
Trees and flowers
Adaptations of plants
C3 plants
C4 plants
Cam plants
Method evolved to save water but not stop photosynthesis
C4 plants
What happens in C4 plants?
CO2 is fixed to a 4-carbon molecule instead of a 5-carbon molecule; it can still fix CO2 even with the low concentration
Examples of C4 plants
Corn
Sugar cane
Plants that are constantly in hot, dry weather so they have their stomata closed all day
Cam plants (crassulacean acid metabolism)
What happens in cam plants?
They have their stomata closed all day
At night, they open it and let CO2 in
CO2 is fixed to a 4-C molecule
Released to Calvin cycle during the day
Examples of cam plants
Pineapple
Cactus
Aloe
Jade
Takes the glucose made in photosynthesis and converts it into energy that our bodies can use; energy is in the form of ATP
Cellular respiration
Some of the energy made in cellular respiration is lost in the form of _____
Heat
Cellular respiration occurs in the _______
Mitochondria
Formula of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Cellular respiration is the ______ of photosynthesis
Opposite
Exchange of gases
Respiration
Exchanging gases with the environment (02 CO2)
External respiration
Oxygen to carbon dioxide (and back) at the cellular level; lungs, tissues, blood
Internal respiration
A human must have ____ production and about _____ _____ (per day) to survive
ATP; 2200 kilocalories
Energy from _____ is a stepwise fashion or the energy released would be _____ _____ to handle; electron transport chain
Glucose; too much
Movement of electrons from one molecule to another; move in the form of hydrogen ions
Redox reactions (oxidation reduction)
In redox reactions, …
Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
Key players of redox reactions
Dehydrogenase
NAD+
FAD
Enzyme that takes hydrogen away from organic molecules
Dehydrogenase
Coenzyme that transports electrons (becomes NADH when reduced)
NAD+
Coenzyme that transports electrons (becomes FADH when reduced)
FAD
Phases of cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Prep reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Breaking down of glucose that had been taken in
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm of the cell
In glycolysis, ______ is changed into ___ ______ molecules; glycolysis makes a ______ _____ molecules
Glucose; 2 pyruvate; couple ATP
Pyruvate is changed into acetyl CoA
Prep reaction
Where does the prep reaction occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
The extra carbon made from the prep reaction is ________ ___ ____
Released as CO2
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; makes a few ATP molecules (2); substrate level phosphorylation
Krebs cycle
Minor method of ATP production
Substrate level phosphorylation
Main function of glycolysis and Krebs cycle is to ______ _____ for _______ ______
Provide electrons for oxidative phosphorylation
Done through the electron transport chain; occurs in the mitochondrial cristae; major method of ATP production
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Occurs in mitochondrial cristae
Electrons are produced by NADH and FADH
26-28 ATP are made
Glycolysis is ____ steps split into ____ through ___ and ____ through ___
10; 1; 5; 6; 10
These steps are called the energy investment phase; use energy in the form of ATP to split glucose
Steps 1-5
These steps are called the energy payoff phase; produce energy to do cellular work (energy in the form of ATP); produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP; waste product is water
Steps 6-10
Net ATP made by glycolysis
2 ATP
Net yield from glycolysis (one glucose molecule)
2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP
Glycolysis takes part in the _____ method of ATP production
Minor
No requirement of oxygen
Anaerobic
Glycolysis is an ______ process so it ______ _____ ______ oxygen
Anaerobic; does not require
Some organisms can only use _____ and _____ functions in order to function
Glycolysis; anaerobic
What do we get as products from the prep reaction?
2 acetyl CoA
2 CO2 (waste)
2 NADH
Purpose of prep reaction
So acetyl CoA can enter into the Krebs cycle
What do we get as a product of the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP
Steps of Krebs cycle
- Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate > citrate
- Citrate > isocitrate
- Isocitrate > alpha ketoglutarate
- Alpha ketoglutarate > succinyl CoA
- Succinyl CoA > succinate
- Succinate > fumarate
- Fumarate > malate
- Malate > oxaloacetate
During acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate > citrate, ….
The CoA is removed
During isocitrate > alpha ketoglutarate, …
NAD+ becomes NADH
CO2 is released as waste
During alpha ketoglutarate > succinyl CoA, ….
NAD+ becomes NADH
CO2 is released
During succinyl CoA > succinate, …
ADP + P becomes ATP
CoA is removed
During succinate > fumarate, …
FAD becomes FADH
During malate > oxaloacetate, ….
NAD+ becomes NADH
Net yield from Krebs cycle for one glucose molecule
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH
4 CO2 (waste)
Goal of Krebs cycle is that NADH and FADH carry _______ to the final stage of cellular respiration
Electrons
Final stage of cellular respiration
Oxidative phosphorylation
Players of oxidative phosphorylation
NADH FADH electron transport chain Hydrogen ion gradient Oxygen ATP synthase
Hydrogen ion gradient drives _____ _____
ATP production
_____ is the final electron acceptor
Oxygen
Steps of oxidative phosphorylation
- NADH and FADH give up the IT electrons to the ETC (in cristae)
- Energy is released in the form of H ions during the ETC reactions to the outside of the cristae
- Oxygen accepts electrons and forms water
- Concentration gradient (H ion outside cristae is greater than ion on the inside)
- H ions go down the gradient but go through ATP synthase
- Chemiosmosis fuels ATP synthase to produce ATP
Hydrogen ions go down the gradient but go through the ATO synthase because they can’t go through the membrane
Chemiosmosis
Net yield of oxidative phosphorylation
26-28 ATP
Krebs cycle is ______
Aerobic
Net ATP of the metabolism of one glucose molecule
30 ATP
Alternate pathway off of cellular respiration
Fermentation
Fermentation
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis > pyruvate which can go into cellular respiration (with oxygen) or fermentation (no oxygen)
Makes 2 ATP
If in a muscle cell, lactic acid builds up
If I’m a yeast cell in anaerobic conditions, produces alcohol and CO2 (wastes)
Organism types
Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Aerobes
Organisms that get poisoned by oxygen (require anaerobic condition to live)
Obligate anaerobes
Organisms that can make ATP through fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation (yeast)
Facultative anaerobes
Organisms that require oxygen
Aerobes
Calvin cycle makes _____ which can be converted into glucose
PGAL
Get their energy from other sources
Heterotrophs
Photosynthesis occurs in the ______ (first part begins in thylakoid membrane and second part in stroma)
Chloroplast
Why do leaves change color?
Days get shorts and the sun gets weaker so the chlorophyll breaks down
Glucose is a ______
Carbohydrate
A complex that contains pigment molecules where an electron is excited to a higher energy level
Photosystem
Pigments absorb different ______ of sunlight
Wavelengths
Photosystem ____ occurs first
II
What replaces the electron in photosystem II?
The splitting of water
Light reactions occur in the ______ _____ of the _____
Thylakoid membrane; chloroplast
Photosystem I electron is replaced by ______ ______ that was _____ in ________ ___
The electron that was excited in photosystem II
