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College Biology > Chapter 7 & 8 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 7 & 8 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Processing which plants and other organisms harness solar energy and convert it into the chemical energy of a carbohydrate

A

Photosynthesis

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2
Q

Make their own food (producers)

A

Autotrophs

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3
Q

Structures in photosynthesis

A 
Stomata
Chloroplast
Stroma
Thylakoid
Grana
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4
Q

Small openings in leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit

A

Stomata

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5
Q

Photosynthetic organelles of plants

A

Chloroplast

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6
Q

Fluid inside the chloroplast

A

Stroma

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7
Q

Photosynthesis begins in this membrane inside the chloroplast

A

Thylakoid

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8
Q

Stack of thylakoids

A

Grana

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9
Q

Molecules that will capture sunlight (in thylakoid membrane)

A

Pigment molecules

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10
Q

Formula for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O yields (sunlight) 6O2 + C6H12O6

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11
Q

Process of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide is reduced and water is oxidized
Solar energy is converted into ATP
Glucose is produced for the building blocks of other molecules

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12
Q

Entire spectrum of energy that is released by the sun; travels in wavelengths

A

Electromagnetic spectrum

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13
Q

Particles that behave like waves; distance from one troph to another

A

Wavelengths

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14
Q

_______ _____ keeps gamma rays and x-rays out

A

Magnetic field

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15
Q

Why see black?

A

Matter has an inherent shininess (even though it absorbs all colors)

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16
Q

Short wavelength has a _____ energy

A

High

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17
Q

Long wavelength has a _____ energy

A

Low

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18
Q

Parts of the electromagnetic spectrum

A 
Gamma rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet rays
Visible light
Infrared
Microwaves
Radio waves
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19
Q

Shortest wavelength and highest energy (destroys DNA and cells, can kill and cause cancer)

A

Gamma rays

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20
Q

Second shortest wavelength; can cause cancer

A

X-rays

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21
Q

Energy is getting less damaging (not as bad a x-rays)

The melanin protects skin from UV rays

A

Ultraviolet rays

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22
Q

If you detract it, it’ll change colors (ROYGBIV) - each color has a different wavelength (not dangerous

A

Visible light

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23
Q

_______ ______ contains just the right amount of energy

A

Visible light

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24
Q

Night vision

A

Infrared

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25
Q

Second to last safest wavelength

A

Microwaves

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26
Q

Numbers are wavelengths of the particular ______ ______ hitting the antenna

A

Radio waves

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27
Q

Packets of light energy that move

A

Photons

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28
Q

Pigments

A

Major pigments

Accessory pigments

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29
Q

Most abundant in plants; it’s green because all other colors get absorbed except green because it is reflected

A

Major pigment (chlorophyll a)

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30
Q

Greenish / yellow accessory pigment that breaks down depending on the length of the day (breaks down as daylight gets shorter)

A

chlorophyll b

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31
Q

Red, yellow, orange accessory pigment

A

carotenoids

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32
Q

Yellow accessory pigment

A

Xanthophyll

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33
Q

Coenzyme whose function is to transport electrons

A

NADP+

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34
Q

When NADP+ accepts an electron, it becomes ______

A

NADPH

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35
Q

Photosynthesis is ____ sets of reactions

A

Two

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36
Q

Sets of reactions for photosynthesis

A 
Light reactions (light dependent)
Dark reactions (light independent)
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37
Q

Light dependent; can only occur in sunlight; happened in the thylakoid membrane

A

Light reactions

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38
Q

Light reactions

A

Solar energy is absorbed (produces ATP and NADPH)
Water is split
Oxygen is released
Must come first and occur in daylight

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39
Q

Dark reactions (light independent) (carbon / Calvin cycle)

A

Occur in the stroma
CO2 is absorbed
Use ATP and NADPH to make glucose

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40
Q

Consist of a pigment complex that has pigment molecules and electron acceptor molecules

A

Photosystems

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41
Q

In a photo system, …….

A

An electron is excited and goes to a higher energy level

Potential energy is increased

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42
Q

Photosystems

A

Photosystem I

Photosystem II

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43
Q

Photosystem that occurs first

A

Photosystem II

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44
Q

Steps of light reactions

A

Photosystem II
Electron Transport Chain
Photosystem I
Calvin Cycle

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45
Q

Pigment molecule absorbs a photon of light which is passed on until it reaches a reaction center

A

Photosystem II

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46
Q

Reaction center in photosystem II

A

P680

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47
Q

Photosystem II

A

An electron is excited
An electron is accepted in electron acceptor (had to be replaced)
Electron is replaced by water
Water is split

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48
Q

Series of exergonic reactions (releasing energy) that make ATP

A

Electron transport chain

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49
Q

Where does the ETC occur?

A

On the stroma side

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50
Q

What is ATP made by in the electron transport chain?

A

An enzyme called ATP synthase

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51
Q

The excited electron is replaced by the electron from photosystem II; electron goes through short ETC which converts NADP+ + H into NADPH

A

Photosystem I

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52
Q

Uses CO2 that has diffused in from the air and uses ATP and NADPH (from light reactions) to make G3P

A

Calvin cycle

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53
Q

G3P is made into ______ in the Calvin cycle

A

Glucose

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54
Q

Carbon fixation

A

CO2 comes in and combines with a 5-carbon compound called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
RUBISCO fixes RuBP
6 carbon molecules split into 2 3-carbon molecules called 3-PG

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55
Q

The enzyme that fixes RuBP

A

RUBISCO

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56
Q

Parts of the Calvin cycle

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction of CO2
Regeneration of RuBP

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57
Q

6 ATP and 6 NADPH are used to reduce 6 molecules of 3PG

A

Reduction of CO2

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58
Q

Reduction of CO2 produces ____ ______ of ____; one of them is the net product of photosynthesis and the others remain in the Calvin cycle

A

6 molecules of G3P

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59
Q

One of the six molecules of G3P

A

3-carbon

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60
Q

The five other molecules of G3P

A

15-carbon

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61
Q

G3P is a _______ molecule so six of them would be _____

A

3-carbon; 18

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62
Q

Since we take one of the 3-carbon molecules out, _____ stay in

A

15

63
Q

15 carbons are rearranged to form 3 RuBP

A

Regeneration of RuBP

64
Q

In order to make one ______ molecule, the Calvin cycle must turn ___ times, it used __ ______, ___ _____ molecules, and ____ _____ molecules

A

Glucose; 6; 6 CO2, 18 ATP; 12 NADPH

65
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

Stroma

66
Q

Does the Calvin cycle require light?

A

No

67
Q

Plants that undergo regular photosynthesis (RUBISCO fixes CO2 to RuBP)

A

C3 plants

68
Q

When the weather is hot and dry, the plants _____ ____ ______ to save water; oxygen builds up

A

Close their stomata

69
Q

When the plants close their stomata, RUBISCO will add _____ to ____. ______ is not produced

A

Oxygen; RuBP; glucose

70
Q

The adding of oxygen to RuBP

A

Photorespiration

71
Q

______ and _____ go through photorespiration

A

Trees and flowers

72
Q

Adaptations of plants

A

C3 plants
C4 plants
Cam plants

73
Q

Method evolved to save water but not stop photosynthesis

A

C4 plants

74
Q

What happens in C4 plants?

A

CO2 is fixed to a 4-carbon molecule instead of a 5-carbon molecule; it can still fix CO2 even with the low concentration

75
Q

Examples of C4 plants

A

Corn

Sugar cane

76
Q

Plants that are constantly in hot, dry weather so they have their stomata closed all day

A

Cam plants (crassulacean acid metabolism)

77
Q

What happens in cam plants?

A

They have their stomata closed all day
At night, they open it and let CO2 in
CO2 is fixed to a 4-C molecule
Released to Calvin cycle during the day

78
Q

Examples of cam plants

A

Pineapple
Cactus
Aloe
Jade

79
Q

Takes the glucose made in photosynthesis and converts it into energy that our bodies can use; energy is in the form of ATP

A

Cellular respiration

80
Q

Some of the energy made in cellular respiration is lost in the form of _____

A

Heat

81
Q

Cellular respiration occurs in the _______

A

Mitochondria

82
Q

Formula of cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

83
Q

Cellular respiration is the ______ of photosynthesis

A

Opposite

84
Q

Exchange of gases

A

Respiration

85
Q

Exchanging gases with the environment (02 CO2)

A

External respiration

86
Q

Oxygen to carbon dioxide (and back) at the cellular level; lungs, tissues, blood

A

Internal respiration

87
Q

A human must have ____ production and about _____ _____ (per day) to survive

A

ATP; 2200 kilocalories

88
Q

Energy from _____ is a stepwise fashion or the energy released would be _____ _____ to handle; electron transport chain

A

Glucose; too much

89
Q

Movement of electrons from one molecule to another; move in the form of hydrogen ions

A

Redox reactions (oxidation reduction)

90
Q

In redox reactions, …

A

Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

91
Q

Key players of redox reactions

A

Dehydrogenase
NAD+
FAD

92
Q

Enzyme that takes hydrogen away from organic molecules

A

Dehydrogenase

93
Q

Coenzyme that transports electrons (becomes NADH when reduced)

A

NAD+

94
Q

Coenzyme that transports electrons (becomes FADH when reduced)

A

FAD

95
Q

Phases of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
Prep reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

96
Q

Breaking down of glucose that had been taken in

A

Glycolysis

97
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm of the cell

98
Q

In glycolysis, ______ is changed into ___ ______ molecules; glycolysis makes a ______ _____ molecules

A

Glucose; 2 pyruvate; couple ATP

99
Q

Pyruvate is changed into acetyl CoA

A

Prep reaction

100
Q

Where does the prep reaction occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

101
Q

The extra carbon made from the prep reaction is ________ ___ ____

A

Released as CO2

102
Q

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; makes a few ATP molecules (2); substrate level phosphorylation

A

Krebs cycle

103
Q

Minor method of ATP production

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

104
Q

Main function of glycolysis and Krebs cycle is to ______ _____ for _______ ______

A

Provide electrons for oxidative phosphorylation

105
Q

Done through the electron transport chain; occurs in the mitochondrial cristae; major method of ATP production

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

106
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Occurs in mitochondrial cristae
Electrons are produced by NADH and FADH
26-28 ATP are made

107
Q

Glycolysis is ____ steps split into ____ through ___ and ____ through ___

A

10; 1; 5; 6; 10

108
Q

These steps are called the energy investment phase; use energy in the form of ATP to split glucose

A

Steps 1-5

109
Q

These steps are called the energy payoff phase; produce energy to do cellular work (energy in the form of ATP); produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP; waste product is water

A

Steps 6-10

110
Q

Net ATP made by glycolysis

A

2 ATP

111
Q

Net yield from glycolysis (one glucose molecule)

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

112
Q

Glycolysis takes part in the _____ method of ATP production

A

Minor

113
Q

No requirement of oxygen

A

Anaerobic

114
Q

Glycolysis is an ______ process so it ______ _____ ______ oxygen

A

Anaerobic; does not require

115
Q

Some organisms can only use _____ and _____ functions in order to function

A

Glycolysis; anaerobic

116
Q

What do we get as products from the prep reaction?

A

2 acetyl CoA
2 CO2 (waste)
2 NADH

117
Q

Purpose of prep reaction

A

So acetyl CoA can enter into the Krebs cycle

118
Q

What do we get as a product of the Krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP

119
Q

Steps of Krebs cycle

A
  1. Acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate > citrate
  2. Citrate > isocitrate
  3. Isocitrate > alpha ketoglutarate
  4. Alpha ketoglutarate > succinyl CoA
  5. Succinyl CoA > succinate
  6. Succinate > fumarate
  7. Fumarate > malate
  8. Malate > oxaloacetate
120
Q

During acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate > citrate, ….

A

The CoA is removed

121
Q

During isocitrate > alpha ketoglutarate, …

A

NAD+ becomes NADH

CO2 is released as waste

122
Q

During alpha ketoglutarate > succinyl CoA, ….

A

NAD+ becomes NADH

CO2 is released

123
Q

During succinyl CoA > succinate, …

A

ADP + P becomes ATP

CoA is removed

124
Q

During succinate > fumarate, …

A

FAD becomes FADH

125
Q

During malate > oxaloacetate, ….

A

NAD+ becomes NADH

126
Q

Net yield from Krebs cycle for one glucose molecule

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH
4 CO2 (waste)

127
Q

Goal of Krebs cycle is that NADH and FADH carry _______ to the final stage of cellular respiration

A

Electrons

128
Q

Final stage of cellular respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

129
Q

Players of oxidative phosphorylation

A 
NADH
FADH
electron transport chain
Hydrogen ion gradient
Oxygen
ATP synthase
130
Q

Hydrogen ion gradient drives _____ _____

A

ATP production

131
Q

_____ is the final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

132
Q

Steps of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. NADH and FADH give up the IT electrons to the ETC (in cristae)
  2. Energy is released in the form of H ions during the ETC reactions to the outside of the cristae
  3. Oxygen accepts electrons and forms water
  4. Concentration gradient (H ion outside cristae is greater than ion on the inside)
  5. H ions go down the gradient but go through ATP synthase
  6. Chemiosmosis fuels ATP synthase to produce ATP
133
Q

Hydrogen ions go down the gradient but go through the ATO synthase because they can’t go through the membrane

A

Chemiosmosis

134
Q

Net yield of oxidative phosphorylation

A

26-28 ATP

135
Q

Krebs cycle is ______

A

Aerobic

136
Q

Net ATP of the metabolism of one glucose molecule

A

30 ATP

137
Q

Alternate pathway off of cellular respiration

A

Fermentation

138
Q

Fermentation

A

Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glycolysis > pyruvate which can go into cellular respiration (with oxygen) or fermentation (no oxygen)
Makes 2 ATP
If in a muscle cell, lactic acid builds up
If I’m a yeast cell in anaerobic conditions, produces alcohol and CO2 (wastes)

139
Q

Organism types

A

Obligate anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Aerobes

140
Q

Organisms that get poisoned by oxygen (require anaerobic condition to live)

A

Obligate anaerobes

141
Q

Organisms that can make ATP through fermentation or oxidative phosphorylation (yeast)

A

Facultative anaerobes

142
Q

Organisms that require oxygen

A

Aerobes

143
Q

Calvin cycle makes _____ which can be converted into glucose

A

PGAL

144
Q

Get their energy from other sources

A

Heterotrophs

145
Q

Photosynthesis occurs in the ______ (first part begins in thylakoid membrane and second part in stroma)

A

Chloroplast

146
Q

Why do leaves change color?

A

Days get shorts and the sun gets weaker so the chlorophyll breaks down

147
Q

Glucose is a ______

A

Carbohydrate

148
Q

A complex that contains pigment molecules where an electron is excited to a higher energy level

A

Photosystem

149
Q

Pigments absorb different ______ of sunlight

A

Wavelengths

150
Q

Photosystem ____ occurs first

A

II

151
Q

What replaces the electron in photosystem II?

A

The splitting of water

152
Q

Light reactions occur in the ______ _____ of the _____

A

Thylakoid membrane; chloroplast

153
Q

Photosystem I electron is replaced by ______ ______ that was _____ in ________ ___

A

The electron that was excited in photosystem II

College Biology (16 decks)

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