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Chapter 43 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Experiments that suggest genetic behaviors

A

Best building in lovebirds
Food choice in garter snakes
Human twins

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2
Q

Tears long strips off of leaves, carries them one at a time in their beaks back to the nest

A

Fischer lovebirds

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3
Q

Tears several short strips off leaves, shoves them into the rump feathers and takes them back to the nest

A

Peach faced lovebirds

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4
Q

Tears intermediate strips off leaves, tries to stuff in rump feathers but realizes they’re too long, so they carry one at a time in their beaks back to the nest, even though they still turn their heads toward their butts

A

Hybrid lovebirds

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5
Q

Feed underwater on fish and frogs

A

Inland (aquatic) snakes

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6
Q

Feed on slugs

A

Coastal (terrestrial) snakes

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7
Q

Hybrid snakes…

A

Showed partial preference to slugs in newborn snakes
Had average amount of tongue flicks
Genetic difference in neurological system

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8
Q

In human twins…

A

Studies showed that twins who were separated at birth had similar food preferences, etc

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9
Q

Experiments demonstrating a genetic basis

A

Egg laying in marine snails

Nurturing behavior in mice

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10
Q

Egg laying sequence in marine snails…

A

Specific sequence of movements after copulation

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11
Q

The sequence of egg laying in marine snails

A

Lays strand of eggs
Covers eggs in mucus
Wads them into a ball
Sticks ball on a solid object

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12
Q

Causes the snail to do the movements of egg laying even if the snail has not had sex

A

ELH (egg laying hormone)

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13
Q

ELH…

A

Causes the snail to do the egg laying motion even if it has not had sex

Protein is 36 amino acids long

Gene that codes has the product cut up into 11 pieces, one of which is the egg hormone

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14
Q

Causes changes in the hypothalamus that causes a mothering behavior in mice

A

fosB gene

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15
Q

Mother mouse has babies, her sensory input goes to a part of the brain called the _______ which activates the _____ gene

A

Hypothalamus; fosB

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16
Q

Unchanging behavioral response to a stimulus

A

Fixed action pattern

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17
Q

Durable change in behavior brought about by experience

A

Learning

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18
Q

Example of instinct and learning

A

Pecking behavior in laughing gull chicks (darkness experiment with chicks over 3 days)

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19
Q

Form of learning; association formed with the first moving object that the newborn sees

A

Imprinting

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20
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Man who discovered imprinting

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21
Q

Period of time in which a particular behavior develops; happens if the animal sees something moving during this time

A

Sensitive period

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22
Q

In chicks, this period occurs 2-3 days after hatching

A

Sensitive period

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23
Q

White-crowned sparrows sing a song that is specific to its ______

A

Species

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24
Q

The white-crowned sparrows’ songs can have different ______

A

Dialects

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25
Experiment of social interactions and learning with white-crowned sparrows
There are 3 groups of birds born Group 1: heard no song, but when grown, their song slightly resembled that of the normal song Group 2: heard tapes of their song; when grown, they sang the dialect of that song as long as it was played in the sensitive period Group 3: provided with an adult bird to learn from; they learned the exact song no matter when the adult bird was put in
26
Because of the white-crowned sparrow's experiment, it was concluded that _____ ________ is important in ______
Social interaction; learning
27
Learning that involves an association with two events
Associative learning
28
Example of associative learning
Bird eating a monarch butterfly Tastes bad, so the bird associates the coloring of the butterfly with a bad taste
29
Types of associative learning
Classical conditioning | Operant conditioning
30
When you pair two different stimuli at the same time to cause an association between them
Classical conditioning
31
Example of classical conditioning
Pavlov's dogs
32
Pavlov's dogs....
When he fed them, he would ring a bell | Therefore, he found that when he rang the bell, the dogs would salivate
33
Modified behavior in which a stimulus response connection is strengthened
Operant conditioning
34
Example of operant conditioning
Teaching a dog to sit, and giving it a treat after the sitting has been done
35
This man did work in operant conditioning; taught rats to push a lever for sugar and taught pigeons how to play ping pong
BF Skinner
36
Long distance travel
Migration
37
Example of migration
Logger head turtles
38
Migration requires _______
Orientation
39
Migration in a particular direction (ability to travel)
Orientation
40
Ability to change direction in response to environmental clues
Navigation
41
Characteristics of orientation and migratory behavior
Migration Orientation Navigation
42
Example of navigation
Starlings go from the Baltics to Great Britain
43
Learning through observation, imitation, insight
Cognitive learning
44
Learn by watching someone else do it
Observation
45
Learning by doing what everyone else is doing
Imitation
46
Learning by solving a problem with no prior experience
Insight
47
Action by sender that may influence the action of receiver
Communication
48
Types of communication
Chemical Auditory Visual Tactile
49
Chemical communication
Effective during the day and night | Example is pheremones
50
Chemical signs in low concentrations that are passed between members of the same species
Pheremones
51
Moths in chemical communication
Gland secretion by female to get a male
52
Ants and termites in chemical communication
Mark their trail with pheremones
53
Cats in chemical communication
Use pheremones, urine, feces, to mark territory
54
Auditory communication
Effective both day and night Faster than chemical Can be modified by loudness, pattern, duration, and repetition
55
Examples of auditory communication
Crickets rub their legs together to make different sounds Birds Humpback whales Bottlenose dolphins
56
Visual communication
Only effective during the day | Fastest type of communication
57
Examples of visual communication
``` Male baboons for dominance Hippos opening mouths Courtship display of birds Fireflies Humans while driving ```
58
Tactile (touch) communication
Effective both night and day | Disadvantage = close proximity
59
Example of tactile communication
Honeybees' waggle dance
60
If honeybees are doing the waggle dance ______ and _____ the hive, the straight run of the bees indicates a food source
Horizontal | Outside
61
If honeybees are doing the waggle dance ______ and ______ the hive, the angle of the straight run points other bees to the food source
Vertical | Inside
62
Behaviors that increase fitness
Behavioral ecology | Behaviors with adaptive value
63
The study of how natural selection shapes behavior
Behavioral ecology
64
Behaviors with adaptive value
Territoriality Reproduce strategies Societies Altruism
65
Where animals live and play
Territoriality
66
For territoriality to occur, there must be...
Good food source Breeding opportunities Built in place to raise young Territory must be the right size
67
Examples of territoriality
Gibbons Cheetahs Hummingbirds
68
Gibbons have a ______ territory and are ______
Large; monogamous
69
Cheetahs have a ______
Territory
70
Hummingbirds have a ______ territory
Small
71
Looking for food
Foraging
72
Adaptive for the foraging behavior to be as energetically efficient as possible
Optimal foraging strategy
73
Reproduce strategies
Monogamy Polygamy Polyandrous Sexual selection
74
occurs when there are limited mating opportunities and when the male is fairly certain that the young is his; one male and one female
Monogamy
75
Example of monogamous animals
Gibbons
76
Gibbons monogamy...
Male helps to raise the young | Females evenly distribute through the territory to help defend
77
One male, several females
Polygamy
78
In polygamy...
The females invest more energy in raising the young Gather near a food source Male defends the territory
79
One female, several males
Polyandrous
80
Example of polyandrous animals
Tamarin monkeys
81
Tamarin monkeys...
Give birth to large twins | Males take care of them
82
Favors features that will increase the animal's chance of mating
Sexual selection
83
Examples of features in sexual selection
Color Good genes Looks
84
Species will live in societies if there is a greater _______ ______ than _____
Reproductive benefit; cost
85
Advantages of societies
Easy to avoid predators Raising offspring More opportunities to find food (easier)
86
Disadvantages of societies
Competition for space, food, mates, etc Sickness Dominance hierarchy (pecking order)
87
Unselfishness; give up something for someone else
Altruism
88
Example of altruism
Army ant society
89
In an army ant society..:
One female is the queen When pregnant, all other females become sterile Queen spends the rest of her life reproducing
90
Jobs of the leftover female ants
Take care of the queen and her babies Collect food Defend the society
91
Includes your personal reproductive success as well as the success of relatives
Inclusive fitness of the individual
92
Inclusive fitness of the individual in chimps
Several males mate with the same female and the other males don't interfere One male mates to get his chance to pass on his genes, but he also lets his buddies mate
93
Either a relative, related animal, or sometimes an unrelated animal helps raise the younger siblings
Reciprocal altruism

College Biology (16 decks)

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