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College Biology > Chapter 43 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 43 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Experiments that suggest genetic behaviors

A

Best building in lovebirds
Food choice in garter snakes
Human twins

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2
Q

Tears long strips off of leaves, carries them one at a time in their beaks back to the nest

A

Fischer lovebirds

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3
Q

Tears several short strips off leaves, shoves them into the rump feathers and takes them back to the nest

A

Peach faced lovebirds

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4
Q

Tears intermediate strips off leaves, tries to stuff in rump feathers but realizes they’re too long, so they carry one at a time in their beaks back to the nest, even though they still turn their heads toward their butts

A

Hybrid lovebirds

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5
Q

Feed underwater on fish and frogs

A

Inland (aquatic) snakes

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6
Q

Feed on slugs

A

Coastal (terrestrial) snakes

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7
Q

Hybrid snakes…

A

Showed partial preference to slugs in newborn snakes
Had average amount of tongue flicks
Genetic difference in neurological system

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8
Q

In human twins…

A

Studies showed that twins who were separated at birth had similar food preferences, etc

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9
Q

Experiments demonstrating a genetic basis

A

Egg laying in marine snails

Nurturing behavior in mice

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10
Q

Egg laying sequence in marine snails…

A

Specific sequence of movements after copulation

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11
Q

The sequence of egg laying in marine snails

A

Lays strand of eggs
Covers eggs in mucus
Wads them into a ball
Sticks ball on a solid object

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12
Q

Causes the snail to do the movements of egg laying even if the snail has not had sex

A

ELH (egg laying hormone)

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13
Q

ELH…

A

Causes the snail to do the egg laying motion even if it has not had sex

Protein is 36 amino acids long

Gene that codes has the product cut up into 11 pieces, one of which is the egg hormone

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14
Q

Causes changes in the hypothalamus that causes a mothering behavior in mice

A

fosB gene

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15
Q

Mother mouse has babies, her sensory input goes to a part of the brain called the _______ which activates the _____ gene

A

Hypothalamus; fosB

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16
Q

Unchanging behavioral response to a stimulus

A

Fixed action pattern

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17
Q

Durable change in behavior brought about by experience

A

Learning

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18
Q

Example of instinct and learning

A

Pecking behavior in laughing gull chicks (darkness experiment with chicks over 3 days)

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19
Q

Form of learning; association formed with the first moving object that the newborn sees

A

Imprinting

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20
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Man who discovered imprinting

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21
Q

Period of time in which a particular behavior develops; happens if the animal sees something moving during this time

A

Sensitive period

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22
Q

In chicks, this period occurs 2-3 days after hatching

A

Sensitive period

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23
Q

White-crowned sparrows sing a song that is specific to its ______

A

Species

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24
Q

The white-crowned sparrows’ songs can have different ______

A

Dialects

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25
Q

Experiment of social interactions and learning with white-crowned sparrows

A

There are 3 groups of birds born

Group 1: heard no song, but when grown, their song slightly resembled that of the normal song

Group 2: heard tapes of their song; when grown, they sang the dialect of that song as long as it was played in the sensitive period

Group 3: provided with an adult bird to learn from; they learned the exact song no matter when the adult bird was put in

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26
Q

Because of the white-crowned sparrow’s experiment, it was concluded that _____ ________ is important in ______

A

Social interaction; learning

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27
Q

Learning that involves an association with two events

A

Associative learning

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28
Q

Example of associative learning

A

Bird eating a monarch butterfly

Tastes bad, so the bird associates the coloring of the butterfly with a bad taste

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29
Q

Types of associative learning

A

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

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30
Q

When you pair two different stimuli at the same time to cause an association between them

A

Classical conditioning

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31
Q

Example of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dogs

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32
Q

Pavlov’s dogs….

A

When he fed them, he would ring a bell

Therefore, he found that when he rang the bell, the dogs would salivate

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33
Q

Modified behavior in which a stimulus response connection is strengthened

A

Operant conditioning

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34
Q

Example of operant conditioning

A

Teaching a dog to sit, and giving it a treat after the sitting has been done

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35
Q

This man did work in operant conditioning; taught rats to push a lever for sugar and taught pigeons how to play ping pong

A

BF Skinner

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36
Q

Long distance travel

A

Migration

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37
Q

Example of migration

A

Logger head turtles

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38
Q

Migration requires _______

A

Orientation

39
Q

Migration in a particular direction (ability to travel)

A

Orientation

40
Q

Ability to change direction in response to environmental clues

A

Navigation

41
Q

Characteristics of orientation and migratory behavior

A

Migration
Orientation
Navigation

42
Q

Example of navigation

A

Starlings go from the Baltics to Great Britain

43
Q

Learning through observation, imitation, insight

A

Cognitive learning

44
Q

Learn by watching someone else do it

A

Observation

45
Q

Learning by doing what everyone else is doing

A

Imitation

46
Q

Learning by solving a problem with no prior experience

A

Insight

47
Q

Action by sender that may influence the action of receiver

A

Communication

48
Q

Types of communication

A

Chemical
Auditory
Visual
Tactile

49
Q

Chemical communication

A

Effective during the day and night

Example is pheremones

50
Q

Chemical signs in low concentrations that are passed between members of the same species

A

Pheremones

51
Q

Moths in chemical communication

A

Gland secretion by female to get a male

52
Q

Ants and termites in chemical communication

A

Mark their trail with pheremones

53
Q

Cats in chemical communication

A

Use pheremones, urine, feces, to mark territory

54
Q

Auditory communication

A

Effective both day and night
Faster than chemical
Can be modified by loudness, pattern, duration, and repetition

55
Q

Examples of auditory communication

A

Crickets rub their legs together to make different sounds
Birds
Humpback whales
Bottlenose dolphins

56
Q

Visual communication

A

Only effective during the day

Fastest type of communication

57
Q

Examples of visual communication

A 
Male baboons for dominance
Hippos opening mouths
Courtship display of birds
Fireflies
Humans while driving
58
Q

Tactile (touch) communication

A

Effective both night and day

Disadvantage = close proximity

59
Q

Example of tactile communication

A

Honeybees’ waggle dance

60
Q

If honeybees are doing the waggle dance ______ and _____ the hive, the straight run of the bees indicates a food source

A

Horizontal

Outside

61
Q

If honeybees are doing the waggle dance ______ and ______ the hive, the angle of the straight run points other bees to the food source

A

Vertical

Inside

62
Q

Behaviors that increase fitness

A

Behavioral ecology

Behaviors with adaptive value

63
Q

The study of how natural selection shapes behavior

A

Behavioral ecology

64
Q

Behaviors with adaptive value

A

Territoriality
Reproduce strategies
Societies
Altruism

65
Q

Where animals live and play

A

Territoriality

66
Q

For territoriality to occur, there must be…

A

Good food source
Breeding opportunities
Built in place to raise young
Territory must be the right size

67
Q

Examples of territoriality

A

Gibbons
Cheetahs
Hummingbirds

68
Q

Gibbons have a ______ territory and are ______

A

Large; monogamous

69
Q

Cheetahs have a ______

A

Territory

70
Q

Hummingbirds have a ______ territory

A

Small

71
Q

Looking for food

A

Foraging

72
Q

Adaptive for the foraging behavior to be as energetically efficient as possible

A

Optimal foraging strategy

73
Q

Reproduce strategies

A

Monogamy
Polygamy
Polyandrous
Sexual selection

74
Q

occurs when there are limited mating opportunities and when the male is fairly certain that the young is his; one male and one female

A

Monogamy

75
Q

Example of monogamous animals

A

Gibbons

76
Q

Gibbons monogamy…

A

Male helps to raise the young

Females evenly distribute through the territory to help defend

77
Q

One male, several females

A

Polygamy

78
Q

In polygamy…

A

The females invest more energy in raising the young
Gather near a food source
Male defends the territory

79
Q

One female, several males

A

Polyandrous

80
Q

Example of polyandrous animals

A

Tamarin monkeys

81
Q

Tamarin monkeys…

A

Give birth to large twins

Males take care of them

82
Q

Favors features that will increase the animal’s chance of mating

A

Sexual selection

83
Q

Examples of features in sexual selection

A

Color
Good genes
Looks

84
Q

Species will live in societies if there is a greater _______ ______ than _____

A

Reproductive benefit; cost

85
Q

Advantages of societies

A

Easy to avoid predators
Raising offspring
More opportunities to find food (easier)

86
Q

Disadvantages of societies

A

Competition for space, food, mates, etc
Sickness
Dominance hierarchy (pecking order)

87
Q

Unselfishness; give up something for someone else

A

Altruism

88
Q

Example of altruism

A

Army ant society

89
Q

In an army ant society..:

A

One female is the queen
When pregnant, all other females become sterile
Queen spends the rest of her life reproducing

90
Q

Jobs of the leftover female ants

A

Take care of the queen and her babies
Collect food
Defend the society

91
Q

Includes your personal reproductive success as well as the success of relatives

A

Inclusive fitness of the individual

92
Q

Inclusive fitness of the individual in chimps

A

Several males mate with the same female and the other males don’t interfere

One male mates to get his chance to pass on his genes, but he also lets his buddies mate

93
Q

Either a relative, related animal, or sometimes an unrelated animal helps raise the younger siblings

A

Reciprocal altruism

College Biology (16 decks)

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