Chapter 43 Test Flashcards
Experiments that suggest genetic behaviors
Best building in lovebirds
Food choice in garter snakes
Human twins
Tears long strips off of leaves, carries them one at a time in their beaks back to the nest
Fischer lovebirds
Tears several short strips off leaves, shoves them into the rump feathers and takes them back to the nest
Peach faced lovebirds
Tears intermediate strips off leaves, tries to stuff in rump feathers but realizes they’re too long, so they carry one at a time in their beaks back to the nest, even though they still turn their heads toward their butts
Hybrid lovebirds
Feed underwater on fish and frogs
Inland (aquatic) snakes
Feed on slugs
Coastal (terrestrial) snakes
Hybrid snakes…
Showed partial preference to slugs in newborn snakes
Had average amount of tongue flicks
Genetic difference in neurological system
In human twins…
Studies showed that twins who were separated at birth had similar food preferences, etc
Experiments demonstrating a genetic basis
Egg laying in marine snails
Nurturing behavior in mice
Egg laying sequence in marine snails…
Specific sequence of movements after copulation
The sequence of egg laying in marine snails
Lays strand of eggs
Covers eggs in mucus
Wads them into a ball
Sticks ball on a solid object
Causes the snail to do the movements of egg laying even if the snail has not had sex
ELH (egg laying hormone)
ELH…
Causes the snail to do the egg laying motion even if it has not had sex
Protein is 36 amino acids long
Gene that codes has the product cut up into 11 pieces, one of which is the egg hormone
Causes changes in the hypothalamus that causes a mothering behavior in mice
fosB gene
Mother mouse has babies, her sensory input goes to a part of the brain called the _______ which activates the _____ gene
Hypothalamus; fosB
Unchanging behavioral response to a stimulus
Fixed action pattern
Durable change in behavior brought about by experience
Learning
Example of instinct and learning
Pecking behavior in laughing gull chicks (darkness experiment with chicks over 3 days)
Form of learning; association formed with the first moving object that the newborn sees
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
Man who discovered imprinting
Period of time in which a particular behavior develops; happens if the animal sees something moving during this time
Sensitive period
In chicks, this period occurs 2-3 days after hatching
Sensitive period
White-crowned sparrows sing a song that is specific to its ______
Species
The white-crowned sparrows’ songs can have different ______
Dialects
Experiment of social interactions and learning with white-crowned sparrows
There are 3 groups of birds born
Group 1: heard no song, but when grown, their song slightly resembled that of the normal song
Group 2: heard tapes of their song; when grown, they sang the dialect of that song as long as it was played in the sensitive period
Group 3: provided with an adult bird to learn from; they learned the exact song no matter when the adult bird was put in
Because of the white-crowned sparrow’s experiment, it was concluded that _____ ________ is important in ______
Social interaction; learning
Learning that involves an association with two events
Associative learning
Example of associative learning
Bird eating a monarch butterfly
Tastes bad, so the bird associates the coloring of the butterfly with a bad taste
Types of associative learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
When you pair two different stimuli at the same time to cause an association between them
Classical conditioning
Example of classical conditioning
Pavlov’s dogs
Pavlov’s dogs….
When he fed them, he would ring a bell
Therefore, he found that when he rang the bell, the dogs would salivate
Modified behavior in which a stimulus response connection is strengthened
Operant conditioning
Example of operant conditioning
Teaching a dog to sit, and giving it a treat after the sitting has been done
This man did work in operant conditioning; taught rats to push a lever for sugar and taught pigeons how to play ping pong
BF Skinner
Long distance travel
Migration
Example of migration
Logger head turtles
Migration requires _______
Orientation
Migration in a particular direction (ability to travel)
Orientation
Ability to change direction in response to environmental clues
Navigation
Characteristics of orientation and migratory behavior
Migration
Orientation
Navigation
Example of navigation
Starlings go from the Baltics to Great Britain
Learning through observation, imitation, insight
Cognitive learning
Learn by watching someone else do it
Observation
Learning by doing what everyone else is doing
Imitation
Learning by solving a problem with no prior experience
Insight
Action by sender that may influence the action of receiver
Communication
Types of communication
Chemical
Auditory
Visual
Tactile
Chemical communication
Effective during the day and night
Example is pheremones
Chemical signs in low concentrations that are passed between members of the same species
Pheremones
Moths in chemical communication
Gland secretion by female to get a male
Ants and termites in chemical communication
Mark their trail with pheremones
Cats in chemical communication
Use pheremones, urine, feces, to mark territory
Auditory communication
Effective both day and night
Faster than chemical
Can be modified by loudness, pattern, duration, and repetition
Examples of auditory communication
Crickets rub their legs together to make different sounds
Birds
Humpback whales
Bottlenose dolphins
Visual communication
Only effective during the day
Fastest type of communication
Examples of visual communication
Male baboons for dominance Hippos opening mouths Courtship display of birds Fireflies Humans while driving
Tactile (touch) communication
Effective both night and day
Disadvantage = close proximity
Example of tactile communication
Honeybees’ waggle dance
If honeybees are doing the waggle dance ______ and _____ the hive, the straight run of the bees indicates a food source
Horizontal
Outside
If honeybees are doing the waggle dance ______ and ______ the hive, the angle of the straight run points other bees to the food source
Vertical
Inside
Behaviors that increase fitness
Behavioral ecology
Behaviors with adaptive value
The study of how natural selection shapes behavior
Behavioral ecology
Behaviors with adaptive value
Territoriality
Reproduce strategies
Societies
Altruism
Where animals live and play
Territoriality
For territoriality to occur, there must be…
Good food source
Breeding opportunities
Built in place to raise young
Territory must be the right size
Examples of territoriality
Gibbons
Cheetahs
Hummingbirds
Gibbons have a ______ territory and are ______
Large; monogamous
Cheetahs have a ______
Territory
Hummingbirds have a ______ territory
Small
Looking for food
Foraging
Adaptive for the foraging behavior to be as energetically efficient as possible
Optimal foraging strategy
Reproduce strategies
Monogamy
Polygamy
Polyandrous
Sexual selection
occurs when there are limited mating opportunities and when the male is fairly certain that the young is his; one male and one female
Monogamy
Example of monogamous animals
Gibbons
Gibbons monogamy…
Male helps to raise the young
Females evenly distribute through the territory to help defend
One male, several females
Polygamy
In polygamy…
The females invest more energy in raising the young
Gather near a food source
Male defends the territory
One female, several males
Polyandrous
Example of polyandrous animals
Tamarin monkeys
Tamarin monkeys…
Give birth to large twins
Males take care of them
Favors features that will increase the animal’s chance of mating
Sexual selection
Examples of features in sexual selection
Color
Good genes
Looks
Species will live in societies if there is a greater _______ ______ than _____
Reproductive benefit; cost
Advantages of societies
Easy to avoid predators
Raising offspring
More opportunities to find food (easier)
Disadvantages of societies
Competition for space, food, mates, etc
Sickness
Dominance hierarchy (pecking order)
Unselfishness; give up something for someone else
Altruism
Example of altruism
Army ant society
In an army ant society..:
One female is the queen
When pregnant, all other females become sterile
Queen spends the rest of her life reproducing
Jobs of the leftover female ants
Take care of the queen and her babies
Collect food
Defend the society
Includes your personal reproductive success as well as the success of relatives
Inclusive fitness of the individual
Inclusive fitness of the individual in chimps
Several males mate with the same female and the other males don’t interfere
One male mates to get his chance to pass on his genes, but he also lets his buddies mate
Either a relative, related animal, or sometimes an unrelated animal helps raise the younger siblings
Reciprocal altruism
