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Essentials of Fire Fighting > Fire Suppression > Flashcards

Fire Suppression Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four methods of fire suppression?

A
  • Temperature reduction
  • Fuel removal
  • Oxygen Exclusion
  • Chemical flame inhibition
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2
Q

Why does cooling down fuel stop it from burning?

A

The fuel requires heat to reach a gaseous state in order to maintain combustion, by cooling it down with water, the fuel is no longer able to undergo that chemical process.

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3
Q

What are some of the dangers associated with steam creation while firefighting in a structure?

A
  • Visibility reduction can lead to injury

- Improper stream use and water application can lead to steam burns.

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4
Q

True or false, It is never a good option to allow a fuel to burn itself out.

A

False. If there is no danger of the fire spreading, then during flammable liquid fires, it could be a better idea to let the fire burn off the pollutants than to let it run into the soil

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5
Q

What are the four most common situations in which fuel removal can be used in structural firefighting?

A
  • Wildfires
  • Exterior stacked material fires
  • Vehicle fires
  • Flammable liquid/gas fires
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6
Q

Why does oxygen exclusion extinguish a fire?

A

By removing the oxidizing agent, the fire cannot sustain itself unless it is a self oxydizing material like ammonium nitrate.

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7
Q

What are the most common methods for oxygen exclusion?

A
  • Using the lid on a grease fire
  • Carbon dioxide oxygen displacement
  • Blanketing
  • Foam
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8
Q

In a structure fire, what is one method for implementing a sort of oxygen exclusion on the fire using only the structural componants?

A

Closing windows and doors to limit the available oxygen

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9
Q

How do chemical flame inhibitors stop flame production?

A

They prevent the combustion reaction from occuring and are therefore mostly used in flaming fires. They have very limited ability to cool or smother the fuel.

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10
Q

In terms of Structural fire attack, what can you do to ensure that you are maintaining situational awareness?

A 
Be aware of:
-Location and extent of fire
-Changes in heat
-Changes in fire behaviour, spread, growth and signs of rapid fire behaviour
-Hazards
-Location of safe havens
-Structural stability and instability
-Indication of collapse
-Changes in neutral plane
-Smoke density and colour
-Locations where smoke is escaping the structure
-Location of victims
-Wind direction and strength
-Fire threat to exposures
-
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11
Q

Where are attack hoselines ideally placed at a fire incident?

A

Wherever the IC determines it best protects the firefighters, occupants and property.

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12
Q

What is an entry check and when do firefighters need to conduct one?

A

Firefighters must be aware of the situation they are about to enter, so an entry check must be done before any firefighter enters a hazardous situation. It includes:

  • Reading fire behaviour indicators
  • Understanding crew’s tactical assignment
  • Identifying escape routes and hazards
  • Evaluating forcible entry requirements
  • Checking radio coms, SCBA and PASS
  • Doing buddy check
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13
Q

True or false, interior firefighters must carry with them the tools necessary to perform a forcible entry.

A

True

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14
Q

What four checks must the nozzle operator perform before entering the fire area?

A
  • Open nozzle fully to ensure adequate flow
  • Check the pattern setting
  • Ensure hose is kink free
  • Bleed air from hose
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15
Q

True or false, if the fire activity is minimal the structure can be forcibly entered without the attack line being prepared.

A

False, never enter a structure that has fire without a charged and tested attack line.

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16
Q

True or false. Before entering a structure with an active fire, the first thing you want to do in aim a straight stream at the ceiling to cool the hot gases and prevent flashover.

A

True

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17
Q

True or false, when entering a burning structure, the entry door must always remain open in order to facilitate an evacuation.

A

False, it should be held as closed as possible to limit ventilation. a firefighter should be placed at the door to avoid any pinching of the hose and any exit blockage.

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18
Q

True or false. “attack the fire from the unburned side.”

A

False, modern studies have shown that modern building materials and increased wind affects on fire development contribute to rapid fire development, which means it is best to attack the fire head on and control it asap.

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19
Q

What is gas cooling and why is it important?

A

Gas cooling is the use of water on the hot gas layer created by the fire. firefighters should cool the hot gas layer as they make their way to the fire as the hot gas can ignite other places in the structure through radiant heat transfer or through a sudden flashover or backdraft.

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20
Q

True or false, firefighters must confirm the order to attack a fire directly.

A

True

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21
Q

True or false, you must use a fog stream to cool the hot gases in a structure.

A

False, usually a straight or solid stream are used.

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22
Q

What is the main difference between a direct attack and an indirect attack?

A

In a direct attack, the firefighters enter the fire compartment to extinguish the fire, but in an indirect attack the firefighters remain outside the fire compartment as they direct water streams into the fire compartment.

Also, they do not attack the base of the fire as in a direct attack, instead they only aim water at the lining of the room.

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23
Q

What is a combination attack method?

A

Combining both direct and indirect attack methods, firefighters first direct water to the ceiling to cool the room and the hot gases, then they direct a stream to the base fo the fire.

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24
Q

True or false, Before entering any structure fire, the roof must be checked.

A

True

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25
Q

What is a transitional attack?

A

An exterior attack where a window in broken to let in a straight stream of water to cool the superheated material and transition the fire from ventilation limited to a fuel limited fire.

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26
Q

True or false, a straight stream is better to use in unventilated, well involved interior fires because it does not disturb the thermal layer as much as a fog stream.

A

True

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27
Q

Why is it important to not disturb the thermal layering in a structure fire?

A

Because the smoke becomes cool and dense, which makes it harder to remove after the fire is extinguished.

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28
Q

True or false, if a transitional attack is performed correctly, firefighters can make their way to the fire compartment from the interior.

A

True

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29
Q

True or false, in highrise fires, firefighters are not allowed to ever go to a floor above the one that contains the fire.

A

False. They can go above to look for fire extensions and victims

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30
Q

What defines an unfinished basement?

A

The cement floor and floor joists are exposed

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31
Q

What makes basement fires so dangerous to firefighters?

A

They often need to enter the house before they are able to access the basement, which means they have to walk on a floor that might be structurally unsound and they have to decend through hot gases and smoke to reach the fire.

32
Q

What can be done to protect the firefighters as they descend into a basement fire?

A

Ventilate the basement through the window to prevent the stairwell from becoming the exhaust point. Also, use a fog stream to cool the air and clear the smoke. Only one of these things is unlikely to provide sufficent protection.

33
Q

What alternatives to a direct attack can be used to suppress a basement fire?

A

Use indirect attack or a penetrating nozzle or cellar nozzles

34
Q

True or false, in a transitional attack, you should make circular movements on the ceiling with the stream.

A

False, go side to side

35
Q

What are some of the dangers associated with fires in commercial basements?

A

-There is often heavy machinery on the main floor and the steel joists can fail at temperatures of 550C.

36
Q

What is interior exposure protection?

A

Generally involves closing doors and windows in the room or rooms in which the fire is burning to limit ventilation.

Also positive pressure can help isolate the fire.

More passive interior exposure protection are fire rated walls and doors.

37
Q

What are external exposure protection actions?

A
  • Removing the people, property or objects in danger.

- Spraying water on exposures

38
Q

What are the two main types of Supporting fire protection systems?

A

Automatic sprinklers

Standpipe

39
Q

What is an FDC?

A

Fire department connection, they allow the pumper to supply water to the sprinkler or standpipe system

40
Q

How do you turn off a sprinkler system?

A

Close the main control valve

41
Q

Who is the only person that is allowed to make the decision to turn off the water supply to the sprinklers?

A

The IC

42
Q

What is a OS&Y valve, PIV, wall PIVs, and PIVA

A

Outside Screw and Yoke valve.
Post indicator valve
Wall post indicator valve
Post indicator valve assembly

43
Q

What are some of the methods used to stop the water flow from sprinklers and why is it important to do so?

A
  • Wedges
  • Clamp Sprinkler tongs
  • Swivel sprinkler tongs

To avoid unnecessary water damage to the structure

44
Q

True or false, firefighter should never try to turn utilities back on after a fire is extinguished.

A

True, damaged utilities could restart the fire.

45
Q

In regards to utilities, what conditions should you always make yourself aware of?

A
  • Location of utility services
  • Status of power in the structure
  • damage to utilities
  • Presence, location and condition of FDCs and standpipes
  • Presence of solar panels
46
Q

True or false, the power to and within a structure during a fire does not always need to be turned off.

A

True, if the IC and the incident safety officer agree that it is not necessary, firefighters can fight a fire with power on in the structure.

47
Q

What does it mean if a structure is total electric?

A

Electricity is the sole power source for heat, water, and cooking.

48
Q

Where is the electricity shut off most likely located in homes?

A

Near the meter box

49
Q

What are the only two ways to safely turn off power to a structure?

A
  • At the main breaker

- At the meter shut off

50
Q

If you are unable to shut off the power to the structure for some reason, should you still enter the structure?

A

No call a power technician

51
Q

True or false, the first thing that every firefighter should do when arriving at a structure fire is to find the breaker box or the shut off and immediately cut the power.

A

False, only turn off the power when ordered to by the IC as the structure may have elevators in use for evacuation an a ventilation system.

52
Q

How can you assure that the power will not be accidentaly turned back on once it is shut off?

A

Tag the shut off with a lockout device, or place a firefighter at the shut off.

53
Q

What are some of the hazards associated with wind and solar energy generators on burning structures?

A

-Power generation does not stop when you shut off the electricity so long as there is wind and sunlight, which can lead to electrocution.

54
Q

What are some hazards that a firefighter may face if they come across a drug operation?

A
  • Electrical hazards from makeshift wiring
  • Volatile chemicals that may be toxic and or flammable
  • Traps that occupants set
55
Q

What does LPG stand for?

A

Liquified petroleum gas, typically butane and propane

56
Q

What is natural gas?

A

Methane, which is odorless, lighter than air, nontoxic, and an asphyxiant.

57
Q

When arriving at a vehicle fire, what is the first action that needs to be done?

A

Deciding if traffic needs to be diverted

58
Q

What is the second step when arriving at a vehicle fire?

A

Saving the vehicle occupants and extinguishing the fire.

59
Q

What is the danger associated with struts and vehicle fires?

A

They could explode

60
Q

How can you plug a hole in the gas tank and fuel line?

A

Crimp with pliers, plug with wedges

61
Q

What are the procedures for a vehicle fire attack?

A
  • Position hoseline between fire and exposures
  • position the attack uphill to avoid gas leaks
  • Attack the fire at a 45 degree angle to avoid exploding struts
  • Extinguish fire near any occupants first.
  • Issue an “all clear’ when all occupants are out of the vehicle
  • extinguish any ground fires
  • Extinguish any fires around the vehicle
62
Q

Are firefighters allowed to extinguish any of the following: Large capacity saddle fuel tanks, Alternative fuel tanks, Pressurized natural gas, Hazardous materials?

A

Not without the assistane of a hazmat team

63
Q

What is the best method for extinguishing passenger side fires?

A

Try to open the door or ask the owner for the keys or break the window, then aim stream at the fire.

64
Q

What are the three methods for extinguishing an undercarriage fire?

A
  • Straight stream
  • Deflection
  • Through the open hood
65
Q

What is the flash point, auto-ignition, and LFL/UFL for compressed natural gas (CNG)?

A
  • CNG is a flammable gas, so it can ignite at any temperature
  • Auto-ignition at 482 C
  • Lower flammability limit and upper flammability limit are at any amount because it is a flammable gas
66
Q

What is the flash point, auto-ignition, and LFL/UFL for Liquified Natural gas (LNG)?

A

-Negative 188C
537C
-Negative 188C

67
Q

What is the flash point, auto-ignition, and LFL/UFL of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)?

A

16.6C
363C
19%

68
Q

What is the shape of the logo on a CNG vehicle?

A

Diamond

69
Q

What hose stream should you use to disperse vapor clouds?

A

Fog

70
Q

What does frost on a CNG container indicate?

A

Failure of the tank resulting in a gas leak.

71
Q

What is the third most common type of fuel vehicle fuel after gasoline and diesel?

A

Propane

72
Q

What are some of the most common types of exterior class A fires?

A
  • Raw materials like sawdust, lumber
  • Used cardboard and pallets
  • Bales of hay, cotton
  • Mulch and fertilizer
73
Q

True or false, during a class A exterior fire in hay bales, the best tactic is to attack the center of the fire and work your way outward.

A

False the best method is to extinguish the perimeter of the fire and work your way to the center.

74
Q

True or false, small unattached structures should be treated with the same methods as a class A exterior fire.

A

True, unless there is a compelling reason to save the structure, firefighters should not enter it.

75
Q

In large container fires, what is the advantage and disadvantage of simply flooding the dumpster?

A

The advantage is that it smothers all hidden fires in the dumpster
The disadvantage is that it spread the contaminants of the dumpster to the surrounding area.

76
Q

What are the three main influences on ground cover fires? and which is the most important?

A

Fuel, weather and topography

Topography

77
Q

What are the three main types of ground fires?

A

Ground fires, surface fires, crown fires

Essentials of Fire Fighting (26 decks)

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