FINALS REVIEW Flashcards
past chapters
Antisepsis
reduction in the number of microbes + viruses on LIVING tissue
Aseptic
refers to an environment/procedure free of pathogenic contaminants
Disinfection
destruction of most microbes + viruses on NONliving tissues
Sanitation
removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards
-stasis / -static
suffixed indicating inhibition, but not complte destruction, or a type of microbe
-cide / -cidal
suffixes indicating destruction of a type of microbe
Sterilization
destruction of all microbes + viruses in/on an object
Degerming
removal of microbes by mechanical means
Endemic
a disease that is constantly present in low numbers in a population
Epidemic
a disease occurring in an unusually high number of individuals in a population at the same time
Pandemic
a worldwide endemic
-a disease occurring in an unusually high number of individuals in the world at the same time
Macrolides
inhibits protein synth (static)
-gram pos, gram neg, chlamydias, rickettsias
aka erythromycin
Erythromycin
inhibits protein synth (static)
-gram pos, gram neg, chlamydias, rickettsias
Quinolones
- inhibits DNA/RNA synth (cidal)
- acts against prokaryotic DNA gyrase
- aka ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
- inhibits DNA/RNA synth (cidal)
- acts against prokaryotic DNA gyrase
- aka quinolones/fluoroquinolones
Acyclovir
- an antiviral medication (mostly for herpes)
- help control the disease but DOES NOT CURE IT
Antibodies
- aka immunoglobulin
- secreted by plasma cells
- contains antigen-binding site
5 Classes of Antibodies/Immunoglobulins (Ig)
IgG IgA IgE IgM IgD
IgM
- first antibody produced
- pentameric/largest
IgM
- most common + longest lasting
- can cross placenta
IgM
- associated w body secretions
- dimer/trimer
- saliva, tears, intestinal + bronchial mucus, + breast milk
IgM
involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies
IgM
IgDumb
unknown functions
Inflammation
- redness, heat, swelling, pain
- nonspecific response to tissue damage fr various causes
acute inflammation for second line of defense
- dilation increased permeability of blood vessels
- migration of phagocytes
- tissue repair
innate immunity
aka non specific immunity
- body’s first line of defense
- structures, chem, + processes that work to prevent pathogens that are entering the body
structures of innate immunity
- skin
- mucous membrane: respiratory, digestive, urinary, + reproductive sytm
chemicals of innate immunity
-natural proteases
processes of innate immunity
phagocytic cells
Adaptive Immunity
- body’s ability to recognize + defend itself fr distinct invaders+ their products
- ACQUIRED immunity bc they become activated (LYMPHOCYTE require exposure to the antigen for which they are specific)
5 attributes of adaptive immunity
1 specificity; acquired immunity 2 inducibility 3 clonality 4 unresponsiveness to self 5 memory
2 types of adaptive immune response
1 humoral immune response
2 cell-mediated immune response
2 types of Acquired Immunity
Naturally Acquired
Artificially Acquired
-further distinguished as either ACTIVE or PASSIVE
Naturally Acquired Immunity
- response against antigens encountered in daily life
- passive (placenta)
- active (infection)
Artificially Acquired Immunity
- response to antigens introduced via vaccine
- passive (serotherapy)
- active (vaccination)
Septicemia
any microbial infection of the blood that produces an illness
- caused more often by G- bacteria
- bacteria that produce CAPSULES may resist phagocytosis
Septic Shock
- complication fr septicemia
- serious drop in blood pressure
Septicemia
signs + symptoms
- fever, chills, vomit, diarrhea, malaise, disseminated IV clotting, hypotension
- septic shock can develop rapidly
- petechiae can develop
Petechiae
small hemorrhagic lesions
-may develop fr septicemia
Toxemia Toxins
1 EXOTOXIN
2 ENDOTOXIN
*toxemia symptoms vary depending on the toxin
Endotoxin
released fr G- bacteria
Exotoxin
released fr living microbes
Exotoxin
released fr living microbes
bacteremia
bacterial septicemia
- often harmless
- septicemia is more often caused by GRAM NEG
- bacterias that produce CAPSULES are MORE RESISTANT
toxemia
release of bacterial toxins into the blood
toxemia
release of bacterial toxins into the blood
Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia
prevention
prevention includes immediate treatment of infections
-important in individuals w COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTM
which type of bacteria produces more severe septicemia?
GRAM-NEGATIVE
-due to release of ENDOTOXIN as the bacteria die
causes epidemic meningitis in college freshman
neisseria meningitidis
all bacteria that cause meningitis are…
encapsulated + airborne (via resp droplets)
bacterias that infect cells of the nervous system
meningitis
bacteria that grow elsewhere in CNS and release toxins that affect neurons
botulism + tetanus
leading cause of meningitis in newborns
S. agalactiae
-acquired during birth
bacteria that is present in throat of 75% of humans
S. pneumoniae
individuals at risk for listeriosis should avoid….
high risk food
top 3 bacterial meningitis
1 streptococcus pneumoniae
2 neisseria meningitidis
3 haemophilus influenzae
3 forms of botulism
1 foodborne
2 infant
3 wound
which is the most common form of botulism in the U.S.
infant botulism
clostridium botulinum neurotoxins causes flaccid paralysis (botulism) by…
blocking the EXCITATORY neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junctions
tetanospasmin
- released by Clostridium tetani endospores
- blocks the release of INHIBITORY neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junction
how is viral meningitis diagnosed?
diagnosed by the same signs + symptoms as bacterial meningitis BUT IN THE ABSENCE OF BACTERIA IN CSF
septicemia is more often caused by what type of bacteria
gram negative bacteria
-gram neg produces more severe septicemia due to release of endotoxins as bacteria dies
most reported vector-borne disease in U.S.
lyme disease
potential effects of ENDOTOXIN [lipid A of LPS]
1 inflammation 2 shock 3 disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC] 4 fever 5 plasma loss, reduction of BP
streptokinase
virulence factor produced by streptococci pyogenes
- breaks down blood clots
- used as thrombolysis med in heart attack or pulmonary embolism
streptolysins
virulence factor produced by streptococci pyogenes
-lyse blood cells
pyrogenic toxins
virulence factor produced by streptococci pyogenes
-once in blood, cause fever + shock
diptheria toxins
produced by corynebacterium
- prevents polypeptide synth + causes cell death
- causes signs + symptoms of diphtheria
most common cause of diarrhea that sends ppl to the DR in the US
Campylobacter jejuni
campylobacter diarrhea
diarrhea associated with long-term antibiotic use is caused by…
clostridium difficile
-causes antimicrobial associated diarrhea
what occurs in severe cases of antimicrobial-associated diarrhea?
pseudomembranous colitis
outbreaks associated w social functions like picnics
bacterial food posioning aka 4 hr food poisoning
caused by staph aureus
1 cause of infant deaths from diarrhea
viral gastroenteris fr rotavirus
which hepatitis virus have vaccines available?
HAV + HBV
aka infectious hepatitis
hep A virus
aka serum hepatitis
hep B virus
amongst different ages, newborns are most likely to develop a chronic infection with hep __
hep B
co-infections with these 2 hep viruses results in most severe acute liver damage
HBV + HDV
female urinary tract is separate from..
the reproductive system
normal floras in urinary system
lactobacillus + staphylococcus
4 phases of syphilis
1 primary (chancre lesion) 2 secondary (generalized rash) 3 latent 4 tertiary (neurosyphilis)
which phase of syphilis is difficult to diagnose?
tertiary (neurosyphilis)
conjunctivitis in newborns born from post vaginal delivery from mothers w gonorrhea
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
chancre
is a painless genital ulcer most commonly formed during the primary stage of syphilis
lymphogranuloma venereum
occurs in chlamydia
causes a genital lesion + bubo in groin
various strains of chlamydia cause…
infections of lymph nodes, conjuctiva, + lungs
most common reportable bacterial std in US
chlamydia
1 cause of std in the US
HPV - genital warts aka condylomata acuminata
2 serotypes of HIV
HIV 1 (europe, central africa, americas)
HIV 2 (w africa, India)
opportunistic infections become a problem in which stage of HIV
stage 4-5
trichomoniasis
pathogen
trichomonas vaginalis
trichomoniasis
signs + sympt
W-vaginal discharge + irritation
M-asymptomatic
trichomoniasis
epidemiology
- most common curable STD in women
- trichomoniasis increases risk of HIV infection
trichomoniasis
D T
D-presence of trichomonas in samples
T-single dose metronidazole
