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Microbiology > Chapter 14 - Infections, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Infections, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Symbiosis

A
  • to live together

- symbiotic relationships w countless microbes

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2
Q

types of symbiosis

A

1 mutualism
2 commensalism
3 parasitism

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

benefits both organisms

es) bacteria in human colon

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

organism 1: benefits,
organism 2: neither benefits nor is harmed

ex) staphylococcus

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5
Q

Parasitism

A

organism 1 benefits,
organism 2 harmed

ex) TB in human lung

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6
Q

Normal Microbiota in hosts

+++no star+++

A

aka normal flora + indigenous microbiota

-organisms that colonize the body’s surface w/o normally causing disease

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7
Q

2 types of normal microbiota

+++no star+++

A

1 resident microbiota (always present)

2 transient microbiota (temp present)

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8
Q

resident bacteria of lower digestive tract

A

mostly strict anaerobes but has some facultative anaerobes present as well

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9
Q

highest diversity of resident microbiota

A

higher and lower digestive tract

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10
Q

uterus

A

no microbiota present; sterile.

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11
Q

Transient Microbiota

A
  • remains in body for short period
  • found in same regions as resident microbiota
  • handwashing get rid of transient/pathogenic flora
  • CANNOT PERSIST IN BODY
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12
Q

factors that makes transient microbiota unable to persist in body

A
  • competition fr other microbes (normal flora is always reestablished)
  • elimination by body’s defense cells
  • chem or physical change in the body
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13
Q

Acquisition of normal microbiota

A
  • dvlpt in womb is AXENIC
  • microbiota begin to develop during birthing process
  • MUCH OF ONE’S RESIDENT MICROBIOTA IS ESTABLISHED DURING THE FIRST FEW MONTHS OF LIFE
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14
Q

Axenic

A

free of microbes

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15
Q

when is one’s resident microbiota established?

A

during the first few months of life after birth.

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16
Q

Zoonoses

A

diseases naturally spread from animal host to humans

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17
Q

various routes of acquiring zoonoses

A

1 direct contact w animal or its waste (rabies)
2 eating animals (salmonellosis)
3 bloodsucking arthropods (yellow fever, west nile virus)

*humans are usually a dead-end host to zoonotic pathogens

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18
Q

Nonliving Reservoirs

A
  • soil, water, + foods can be reservoirs of infection
  • presence of microbes due to contamination by feces/urine
  • FORMITES
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19
Q

formites

A

inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens

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20
Q

reservoirs of infectious diseases

A
  • sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection
  • most pathogens CANT survive for long outside of their host
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21
Q

3 types of reservoirs

A

1 animal reservoir
2 human carrier
3 nonliving reservoirs

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22
Q

contamination

A

presence of microbes in or on the body

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23
Q

infection

A

-invasion of the host by a pathogen

when organism evades body’s external defenses, multiplies, and becomes established in the body

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24
Q

portals of entry

A

sites thru which pathogens enter the body

-skin, mucous membranes, placenta, parenteral route

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25
Q

portals of entry:

Mucous Membrane

A
  • mucous membr lines the body cavities that are open to the environment
  • provides moist, warm environment hospitable to pathogens
  • respiratory that is the most common site of entry
  • gastrointestinal tract may be route of entry (must survive acidic pH)
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26
Q

most common site of portal entry

A

respiratory tract is the most common site of entry

-through nose/mouth

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27
Q

Disease

A

results if the invading pathogen alters normal body functions
-aka morbidity

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28
Q

Manifestations of Disease

A

1 symptoms
2 signs
3 syndromes
4 asymptomatic or subclinical

29
Q

symptoms

A

subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

(ex. aches)

30
Q

signs

A

objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others (ex. fever is above a certain temp)

31
Q

syndromes

A

symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal conditions

ex. immunocompromised symptoms of AIDS

32
Q

asymptomatic or subclinical

A

infections lack symptoms but may still have signs of infections

33
Q

signs vs symptoms

A

signs are objective/measured and symptoms are subjective

34
Q

Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents

A
  • virulence (degree of pathogenicity

- virulence factors contribute to virulence

35
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability of microbes to cause disease

36
Q

Virulence Factors

A 
1 adhesion factors (pili)
2 biofilms
3 extracellular enzymes
4 toxins
5 antiphagocytic factors (capsule)
37
Q

toxin (virulence factor)

A
  • chem that harms tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage
  • Toxemia
38
Q

Toxemia

A

refers to toxins in the bloodstream that are carried beyond the site of infection

39
Q

2 types of bacterial toxins

A

endotoxin

exotoxin

40
Q

Stages of Infectious Disease

A

-the disease process occurs after infection

5 stages

41
Q

5 Stages of Infectious Disease

A 
1 incubation period
2 prodromal period
3 illness
4 decline
5 convalescent
42
Q

incubation period

A
  • occurs right after initial infection
  • no signs/symptoms
  • similar to lag phase
43
Q

prodromal period

A
  • vague, general period

- similar to log phase, # increases and signs/symptoms begin

44
Q

illness period

A

-most severe sign/symptoms

45
Q

decline

A

-organism declines in number

46
Q

convalescence

A
  • body is exhausted, more prone to more infection

- no more signs/symptoms

47
Q

portals of exits

A
  • how pathogens leave the body

- secreted/excreted

48
Q

transmission of infectious disease

A

-transmission is from a [reservoir] or [portal of exit] to another host’s [portal of entry]

49
Q

3 groups of transmission of infectious disease

A 
1 CONTACT (direct, indirect (formite), or droplet (aerosol)
2 VEHICLE (airborne, waterborne, foodborne (fecal-oral)
3 VECTOR (bio or mechanical)
50
Q

2 measures of frequency of disease

A

1 Incidence
2 Prevalence

  • tracks the occurrences of disease
  • used in epidemiology
51
Q

Incidence

A
  • number of NEW cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time
  • (NEW cases in area/time)

-used in epidemiology to track the occurrences of disease

52
Q

Prevalence

A
  • number of TOTAL cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time
  • (TOTAL cases in area/time)

-used in epidemiology to track the occurrences of disease

53
Q

Frequency of Disease

A
  • 2 measures (incidence + prevalence)

- occurrence is also evaluated by frequency and geographic distribution

54
Q

Endemic

A

a disease that is constantly present in low numbers in a population

55
Q

Epidemic

A

a disease occurring in an unusually high number of individuals in a population at the same time

56
Q

Pandemic

A

a worldwide endemic

-a disease occurring in an unusually high number of individuals in the world at the same time

57
Q

Sporadic

A
  • occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places

- scattered or isolated

58
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

-acquired after the patient checks into the hospital

59
Q

3 types of nosocomial infections

A

1 Exogenous
2 Endogenous
3 Iatrogenic

60
Q

Exogenous

A
  • type of nosocomial infection
  • pathogen acquired from the health care environment

ex) patient in ICU is incubated and tubes + catheters have been contaminated w mersa.

61
Q

Endogenous

A
  • type of nosocomial infection
  • pathogen arises from normal microbiota due to factors w/in the health care settings

ex) catheter causes UTI tract from patient’s own normal flora

62
Q

Iatrogenic

A
  • type of nosocomial infection
  • results fr modern medical procedures

ex) result of an ear replacement surgery that was contaminated

63
Q

Pathogen

A

any microbe that causes disease

64
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

65
Q

Conditions that provide opportunities for OPPORTUNISTIC ORGANISMS to become pathogenic (3)

A

1 intro of normal microbiota into unusual site in body
2 immune suppression
3 changes in normal microbiota

66
Q

infectuous disease

A

invasion

disease

67
Q

55

A

plasma

68
Q

buffy coat

A

WBC + platelet

Microbiology (26 decks)

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