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Microbiology > Chapter 10 - Biological Method > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Biological Method Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Antimicrobial agents

A

-drugs that treat infections

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2
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents

A

drugs that act against disease

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3
Q

Paul Erlich

A

“magic bullet”

-arsenic compounds that killed microbes

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4
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

penicillin released from Penicillium

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5
Q

Mechanism of actions of microbial drugs

A
  • inhibition of pathogen’s attachment to/recognition of host
  • inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  • disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
  • inhibition of protein synth
  • inhibit general metab pathway
  • inhibit DNA/RNA synth
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6
Q

-inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A
  • cidal
  • only effective for growing cells
  • prevents bacteria fr increasing amt of peptidoglycan; NO effect on existing peptidoglycan layer
  • prevents cross-linkage of NAM subunit
  • beta-lactam rings bind to enzymes
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7
Q

-inhibition of protein synth

A
  • static

- macrolides (erythromycin)

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8
Q

-disruption of cytoplasmic membrane

A

-cidal

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9
Q

-inhibit general metab pathway

A
  • static

- sulfonamides

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10
Q

-inhibit DNA/RNA synth

A

-cidal

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11
Q

Vancomycin

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis (cidal)

-interferes w bridges that link NAM subunits in many GramPos

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12
Q

Erythromycin

A

inhibits protein synth (static)

-gram pos, gram neg, chlamydias, rickettsias

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13
Q

Macrolides

A

inhibits protein synth (static)
-gram pos, gram neg, chlamydias, rickettsias

aka erythromycin

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14
Q

Polymyxins

A

disruption of cytoplasmic membrane (cidal)

  • gram neg only
  • toxic to human kidneys
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15
Q

Sulfonamides

A

inhibits general metab pathway (static)

-gram pos, gram neg, chlamydias, rickettsias, protozoas

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16
Q

3 static mechanism of action of microbial drugs

A

1 inhibit protein synth
2 inhibit metab pathway
3 inhibit attachment/recognition of host

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17
Q

3 cidal mechanism of action of microbial drugs

A

1 inhibit cell wall synth
2 disrupt cytoplasmic membrane
3 inhibit DNA/RNA synth

18
Q

Penicillin

A
  • inhibits synth of cell wall (peptidoglycan)
  • beta-lactams bind to enzymes that cross-link NAM subunits of peptidoglycan
  • only effective during log phase
19
Q

advantage of semisynthetic derivatives of beta-lactams

A
  • more stable in acidic environments
  • more readily absorbed
  • less susceptible to deactivation
  • more active against more types of resistant bacteria
20
Q

Bacitracin

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis (cidal)

-blocks secretion of NAG + NAM fr cytoplams

21
Q

Isoniazid

A

inhibits cell wall synthesis (cidal)
-disrupts mycolic acid formation in mycobacterial species + used exclusively for treatment of infections w MYCObacteria (TB)

22
Q

Azoles

A

disrupt cytoplasmic membrane (cidal)

  • inhibit ergosterol synth
  • broad spectrum drug
  • can be used for protozoan, fungi, + worm infections
23
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Test

A

minimum concentration of a drug required to completely inhibit growth.

24
Q

Kirby Bauer test

A

diffusion susceptibility test looks at zone of inhibitions

25
Q

Toxicity

A
  • cause of many adverse rxn
  • drugs may be toxic to kidneys, liver, nerves
  • consideration needed when prescribing drugs to pregnant women
26
Q

Tetracyclines

A
  • inhibits protein synth
  • block tRNA for docking site
  • becomes incorporated into bones + teeth of a fetus
  • consideration needed when prescribing drugs to pregnant women
27
Q

Allergies

A
  • allergic rxn are rare but life threatening

- anaphylactic shock

28
Q

Retarding resistance

A
  • maintain high concentration of drug in patient for sufficient time
  • use antimicrobial agents in combination
  • use antimicrobial only when necessary
29
Q

synergism vs. antagonism

A

synergism - works better together. ex) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid + semisynthetic aztreonam

antagonism - works against each other
ex) penicillin (only works when actively dividing) + erythromycin (stops protein synth which stops growth)

30
Q

penicillin + erthromycin

A

antagonistic combo

31
Q

Quinolones

A
  • inhibits DNA/RNA synth (cidal)
  • acts against prokaryotic DNA gyrase
  • aka ciprofloxacin
32
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A
  • inhibits DNA/RNA synth (cidal)
  • acts against prokaryotic DNA gyrase
  • aka quinolones/fluoroquinolones
33
Q

antibiotics that inhibit cell WALL synth

A

penicillin
vancomycin
bacitracin
isoniazid

34
Q

antibiotics that inhibit protein synth

A

macrolides/erythromycin

tetracyclines

35
Q

simplest beta-lactams

A

-only effective against aerobic gram neg

36
Q

antibiotics that disrupt cytoplasmic MEMBRANE

A

azoles
polymyxin
amphoterecin B

37
Q

narrow spectrum meds

A

penicillin, isoniazid

38
Q

broad spectrum meds

A

erythromycin, sulfonamides, azoles, tetracycline

39
Q

Amphoterecin B

A

Attached to ergosterol in fungal membranes

-disrupts cytoplasmic membrane

40
Q

antibiotics that inhibit DNA/RNA synth

A

quinolones
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (only against retrovirus)
nucleotide analogs

Microbiology (26 decks)

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