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Microbiology > Chapter 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Principles of Microscopy (4)

A

1 wavelength
2 magnification
3 resolution
4 contrast

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2
Q

Wavelength

A

length between 2 crests of light

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3
Q

visible light spectrum

A

(purple, short) 400nm - 700nm (red, long)

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4
Q

Magnification

A

process of enlarging something in appearance

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5
Q

Resolution

A

how close 2 points in the image can be before they are no longer seen as 2 separate points

clarity of an image

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6
Q

Contrast

A

difference of intensity bw 2 objects or an object and its background

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7
Q

Simple Bright-Field Microscope

A
  • light microscopy
  • single magnifying lens
  • similar to magnifying glass
  • leeuwenhoek used simple microscope
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8
Q

Compound Bright-Field Microscope

A
  • light microscopy
  • series of lenses for magnification
  • light passes thru specimen into objective lens
  • oil immersion lens increases lenses
  • 1 or 2 ocular lenses
  • may have condenser lights
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9
Q

Total Magnification

A

(objective lens)x(ocular lens)

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10
Q

Dark-Field Microscopes

A
  • light microscopy
  • best for observing pale/unstained objects
  • only light rays scattered by specimen enter the objective lens
  • specimen appears light against dark background
  • increases contrasts and enables observation of more details
  • ideal for visualizing spirochetes
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11
Q

Electron Microscope

A
  • greater resolving power and magnification
  • 10,000x to 100,000x
  • detailed view of bacteria, viruses, ultrastructure, and large atoms
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12
Q

Light Microscopes

A

-cannot resolve images closer than 200nm

2 types: bright-field and dark-field

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13
Q

2 types of Electron Microscopes

A

1 Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)

2 Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)

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14
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM)

A
  • 2D images

- cross sectional

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15
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM)

A
  • 3D images

- topographies

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16
Q

Probe Microscopy

A

-magnifies more than 100,000,000x (one hundred million)

17
Q

2 Types of Probe Microscopy

A

1 Scanning Tunneling Microscopes

2 Atomic Force Microscopes

18
Q

Principles of Staining

A
  • staining increases contrast and resolution by coloring specimens with stains/dyes
  • smear of microorganism (thin film) made prior to staining
  • microbiological stains contain chromophore
  • acidic dyes stain alkaline structures
  • basic dyes stain acidic structures
19
Q

3 types of Staining

A

1 Simple Stains
2 Differential Stains
3 Special Stains

20
Q

4 types of Differential Stains

A

1 Gram Stain
2 Acid-Fast Stain
3 Endospores
4 Histological Stains

21
Q

2 types of Special Stains

A 
1 Negative (Capsule) Stain
2 Flagellar Stain
22
Q

Gram Stain Procedure

5 steps

A 
(+)...............................(-)
(...)......heat fix.......(...)
(pu)..crystal violet..(pu)
(pu).gram's iodine.(pu)
(pu)....decolorize....(...)
(p)red counterstain(pi)
23
Q

Acid-Fast Stain

A
  • acid-fast organisms have wax-like, impermeable cell walls

- mycobacterium i.e. tuberculosis

24
Q

Endospore Stain

A
  • staining and visualizing endospores
  • endospores can survive even the harshest conditions
  • allows us to see if endospores are present
    ex) anthrax, tetanus
25
Q

Histological Stains

A
  • hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) -purp

- gomor methenamine silver (GMS) - blue

26
Q

Negative (Capsule) Stain

A
  • “special stain”
  • detects the presence of bacterial capsules
  • see bacterium right away
27
Q

Flagellar Stain

A
  • “special stain”

- flagella is normally too thin/small to be seen w normal staining technique

28
Q

Staining for Electron Microscopes

A
  • requires stains that contain heavy metals
  • helps absorb and reflect electrons
  • stains may bind moles in specimens or backgrounds
  • heavy metal will kill specimen
29
Q

Linnaeus

A
  • classified organisms based on common characteristics
  • “species”
  • “binomial nomenclature
  • only proposed 2 kingdoms (now there’s 5)
30
Q

Species

A
  • created by Linnaeus

- organisms that can successfully interbreed

31
Q

Taxonomic identifying characteristics

A 
1 physical characteristics
2 biochemical tests
3 serological tests
4 phage typing
5 analysis of nucleus acids
32
Q

Taxonomy order

A 
8 Domain
7 Kingdom
6 Phylum
5 Class
4 Order
3 Family
2 Genus
1 Species
33
Q

Agglutination Test

A

a type of serological test

  • neg result = antibodies won’t clump
  • pos result = clumping of antibodies and bacteria
34
Q

Phage Typing

A
  • a bacterial lawn and a bacteriophage is applied to see if the bacteria is susceptible to phage
  • if there are plaques (holes on the lawn), then the bacteria is susceptible

Microbiology (26 decks)

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