Chapter 1 Brief History

Question 1

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 1

• dutch scientist
• made/used simple microscopes
• discovered “animalcules” aka microorganisms

Question 2

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 2

• developed TAXONOMIC SYSTEM
• grouped similar organisms by similar characteristics
• created 6 categories

Question 3

6 Categories for Microorganisms

Answer 3

1 Bacteria [Pro]
2 Archea [Pro]
3 Fungi [Euk]
4 Protazoa [Euk]
5 Algae + Plants [Euk]
6 Small multicellular animals [Euk]

Question 4

Prokaryotes

Answer 4

“pro” - primitive; “karyote” - nucleus

• unicellular; lacks a nuclei and most organelles
• much smaller than eukaryotes
• found wherever there’s enough moisture
• reproduce asexually (binary fission)

Question 5

Eukaryote

Answer 5

“euk” - true; “karyote” - nucleus

• have nucleus w nuclear membrane
• internal membrane-bound organelles
• larger than prokaryotes
• sexual + nonsex reproduction

Question 6

2 types of Prokaryotes

Answer 6

1 Bacteria (cell walls w/PEPTIDOGLYCAN)
2 Archaea (no peptidoglycan; other POLYMERS)

Question 7

how do prokaryotes reproduce?

Answer 7

asexually; binary fission

Question 8

Archaea

Answer 8

• type of prokaryote
• cells walls contain polymers but NOT peptidoglycan
• lives in very harsh environments
• don’t infect humans

Question 9

4 types of Eukaryotes

Answer 9

1 Fungi
2 Protazoa
3 Algae + plants
4 small multicellular animals

Question 10

2 types of Fungi

Answer 10

Molds + Yeast

Question 11

Fungi

Answer 11

• has membrane bound nucleus
• obtain food fr other organisms
• possess cell walls

Question 12

Molds

Answer 12

• fungi
• multicellular
• filamentous (grows really long; hairy)
• sexual/asexual spores for reproduction

Question 13

Yeasts

Answer 13

• fungi
• unicellular
• budding/sexual spores for reproduction

Question 14

Protozoa

Answer 14

• eukaryote
• unicellular
• lives in water/sometimes animals
• mostly asexual reproduction
• mostly capable of locomotion by pseudopodia, cilia, flagella

Question 15

Protozoa Locomotion

Answer 15

pseudopodia
cilia
flagella

Question 16

Algae

Answer 16

• eukaryotes
• unicellular or multicellular
• photosynthetic aka AUTOTROPHS
• simple reproductive structures

Question 17

Autotroph

Answer 17

-organism that can synthesize its own food/ATP by utilizing soil or sun

Question 18

Parasitic Worms

Answer 18

-multicellular eukaryotes

-

Question 19

Virus

Answer 19

• not an organism/cell
• infectious agent
• can only survive in other cells

Question 20

2 types of Virus

Answer 20

Naked Virus - surrounded by protective protein coat [CAPSID]

Enveloped Virus - contains an additional membrane surrounding the capsid

Question 21

Bacteriophage

Answer 21

• type of virus that infects bacteria
• virus injects their RNA into bacterial cell
• virus uses bacteria’s organelles to replicate itself

Question 22

Fermentation

Answer 22

bacteria > acid

yeasts > alcohol

Question 23

Pasteur

Answer 23

germ theory of disease

Question 24

Robert Koch

Answer 24

• causative agents of disease

- studied anthrax

Question 25

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 25

1 causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and absent in healthy hosts
2 agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3 disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is introduced to a healthy/susceptible host
3 agent must be recoverable from the experimental host

Question 26

Hans Christian Gram

Answer 26

• gram staining technique

- selective + differential stain (allows us to distinguish bw two groups of bacteria based on their cell wall

Question 27

Semmelweis

Answer 27

• hand-washing

- decreased incidence of puerperal fever

Question 28

Lister

Answer 28

antiseptic technique in surgery

Question 29

Nightingale

Answer 29

nursing

Question 30

Microbial Genetics

Answer 30

study how microbes become more virulent

-transfer virulent genes

Question 31

Molecular Biology

Answer 31

learning how microbes operate and how their cells function

Question 32

Recombinant DNA technology

Answer 32

• manipulates genes in microbes for practical applications

- synthesis of insulin using E.Coli

Question 33

Gene Therapy

Answer 33

inserting missing gene or repairing defective ones in humans

Question 34

Bioremediation

Answer 34

• using living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments
• recycles carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur

Question 35

Serology

Answer 35

• studying of blood serum

- analyze components and chemicals that fight infection

Question 36

Serum vs Plasma

Answer 36

serum doesn’t contain fibrinogen; plasma does

Question 37

Immunology

Answer 37

study of body’s defense against pathogens

Question 38

Chemotherapy

Answer 38

• chem put into body to fight microbes
• Flemings discovered penicillin
• Domagk discovered sulfa drugs

Question 39

Defense against disease

Answer 39

1 serology
2 immunology
3 chemotherapy

Question 40

3 Domains of Microorganisms

Answer 40

1 Bacteria
2 Archaea
3 Eukaryotes

Question 41

Binary Fission

Answer 41

non-sexual reproduction

Question 42

Chemotrophs

Answer 42

organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments.

ex) sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Question 43

Heterotrophs

Answer 43

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.