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Microbiology > Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Processes of “Life”

A
  • growth
  • reproduction
  • responsiveness
  • metabolism
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2
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

the enzyme used to replicate DNA

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3
Q

polymerase

A

enzyme that wants to replicate things

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4
Q

Transcription

A

process of making proteins/enzyme

  • enzymes take a DNA to make a copy of messengerRNA
  • mRNA starts translation (by ribosomes) to create amino acid protein peptides
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5
Q

size comparisons (smaller to largest)

A

virus
bacteria/archaea
red blood cell
eukaryotes

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6
Q

meters from base to nano

A 
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
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7
Q

anatomy of bacterial cells

A
  • Glycocalyces (slime v capsule)
  • Flagella
  • Cell Wall
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nonmembranous Organelle
  • DNA
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8
Q

2 types of Glycocalyces

A

1 Capsule

2 Slime Layer

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9
Q

Glycocalyces

A

gelatinous sticky substance surrounding the outside of BACTERIAL cell

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10
Q

Glycocalyces composition

A

polysaccharides, polypeptides or both

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11
Q

Capsule Glycocalyces

A
  • organized repeating units of organic chemicals
  • firmly attached to cell surface
  • may prevent bacteria from being recognized by its host
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12
Q

Slime Layer Glycocalyces

A
  • loosely attached to cell surface
  • water soluble
  • sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces
  • important for biofilms
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13
Q

Biofilms

A
  • from SLIME LAYER of GLYCOCALYCES/BACTERIA
  • group of microorganisms where cells stick to each other on a moist surface
  • produces matriculates where they embed themselves
    i. e. dental plaque, shower mold, etc
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14
Q

Bacterial Flagella

A
  • responsible for mvmt
  • long structures that extend beyond cell surface
  • NOT present in all bacterias
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15
Q

Flagella Functions

A
  • propel bacterium thru environment
  • clockwise or counterclockwise rotation
  • bacteria moves in response to CHEMOTAXIS (stimuli)
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16
Q

2 types of Chemotaxis

A 
1 chemoattractant (run)
2 chemorepellant (tumble)
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17
Q

Arrangements of Bacterial Flagella

A 
1 Atrichous 
2 Monotrichous
3 Amphitrichous
4 Lophotrichous
5 Peritrichous
6 Spirochetes
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18
Q

Atrichous

A

no flagella

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19
Q

Monotrichous

A

1 flagella

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20
Q

Amphitrichous

A

2 flagellas

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21
Q

Lophotrichous

A

multiple flagellas coming out of the same pole/point

22
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella covers the whole cell membrane

23
Q

Spirochetes

A

-has axial filament that acts like a corkscrew

I.e. syphillis + Lyme disease

24
Q

Fimbriae

A
  • sticky, bristle like projections
  • adheres to other bacteria, hosts, +environment
  • shorter than flagella
  • important for BIOFILMS
25
Q

Pili aka Conjugation Pilus or Sex Pilus

A
  • special type of fimbria
  • longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella
  • only 1-2 per cell
  • mediates transfer of DNA from one cell to another
26
Q

Conjugation

A

transfer of DNA from one cell to another

-a way to exchange genetic material to each other

27
Q

Bacterial Cell Walls

A
  • provides structure and shape
  • protects fr osmotic forces
  • composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN
  • assists in attaching to other cells
  • resisting antimicrobial drugs
28
Q

2 Basic Types of Bacterial Cell Wall

A

1 Gram Positive

2 Gram Negative

29
Q

Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall

A
  • relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan
  • PURPLE from gram staining
  • contains unique polyalcohols called teichoic acids
30
Q

Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall

A
  • thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • addition membrane outside of peptidoglycan
  • PINK from gram stain
  • may be impediment to treatment of disease
31
Q

main differences bw Gram Pos/Neg

A
  • color
  • thickness of peptidoglycan
  • presence of outer membrane (neg only)
32
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane aka Cell Membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • energy storage
  • selectively permeable w proteins that allow substances to cross
  • maintains concentration + electrical gradient
  • active + passive transport of water + ions
33
Q

bacterial cell membrane vs human cell membrane

A
  • ATP in humans are made in mitochondria; in bacteria it is in cell membranes
  • bacteria does NOT have as many steroids in cell membrane
34
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • liquid portion of cytoplasm aka cytosol

- may include reserve depots of chemicals called INCLUSIONS

35
Q

Endospores

A
  • unique structures produced by Gram Positive Bacterias
  • defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions
  • “hibernation”
36
Q

Endospore Formation

A

1 dna replicates and splits into original dna + forespore
2 cytoplasmic membrane grows + englufs forespore
3 dna outside of forespore disintegrates
4 correct of calcium + dipicolinic acid is deposited bw the membranes
5 spore coat forms
6 when spore coat matures, endospore is released

37
Q

Nonmembranous Organelles of Bacteria

A
  • ribosomes (site of protein synth)

- cytoskeleton (cell shape)

38
Q

Anatomy of Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • glycocalyces
  • cell walls
  • cytoplasmic membrane
  • flegalla
  • cilia
  • nonmembranous organelles
39
Q

Glycocalyces of Eukaryotes

A
  • never as organized as prokaryotic capsules
  • helps anchor animal cells to each other
  • strengthens cell surface
  • provides protection against dehydration
  • cell-to-cell recognition and communication
40
Q

Cell Walls of Eukaryotes

A
  • fungi, algae, plants, + some protozoan have cell walls

- composed of polysaccharides

41
Q

Polysaccharides of different Eukaryotic Cell Wall

A
  • plant: cellulose
  • fungal: cellulose, chitin, glucomannan
  • algae: polysaccharides
42
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane of Eukaryotes

A
  • phospholipids are proteins
  • controls mvmt into and out of cell
  • unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes have steroid lipids
43
Q

Flagella of Eukaryotes

A
  • w/in cytoplasmic membrane
  • composed of tubulin>microtubules
  • filaments anchored to cell by basal body
  • may be single or multiple
  • does NOT rotate, but undulate rhythmically
44
Q

Cilia of Eukaryotes

A
  • shorter, more numerous than flagella
  • coordinated beating mvmt
  • usually used to move substances past the surface of cell
45
Q

Nucleus of Eukaryotes

A
  • often the largest organelle in cell
  • contains most of cell’s DNA
  • surrounded by nuclear envelope
  • nucleoplasm contains chromatin
46
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum of Eukaryotes

A

Smooth/rough

  • netlike arrangement of flattened hollow tubules
  • production transport system
  • larger than bacterial ribosomes
47
Q

Golgi Body of Eukaryotes

A
  • receives process, + packages large molecules for export of cell
  • NOT in all eukaryotic cells
48
Q

Mitochondria of Eukaryotes

A
  • powerhouse of the cell (ATP production)

- 2 membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer

49
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • only in cells that photosynthesize
  • light harvesting structure
  • have phospholipid bilayer + DNA like mitochondria
50
Q

Axial Filament

A

Found in Spirochetes and are similar to flagella, but are located between the cell wall and an outer sheath, and are attached to one end of the organism.

Microbiology (26 decks)

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