Chapter 21 - Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases Flashcards
septicemia
any microbial infection of the blood that produces an illness
bacteremia
bacterial septicemia
-often harmless
toxemia
release of bacterial toxins into the blood
lymphangitis
infection + inflammation of lymphatic vessels
*Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia
pathogens
Septicemia + Toxemia caused by various bacteria
- -septi is most caused by Gram-neg
- often opportunistic + nosocomial infections
*Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia
signs + symptoms
- fever, chill, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, malaise, disseminated intravascular clotting, hypotension
- -PETECHIAE
- -toxemia symptoms vary on the toxin
*Petechiae
small hemorrhagic lesions
-can develop fr *Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia
*toxemia symptoms based on toxin type
*EXOTOXIN - released fr living microbes
ENDOTOXIN - released fr gram-neg
*Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia
virulence factors
- bacteria that produce capsule may resist phagocytosis
- siderophores to capture iron needed for bacterial growth`
Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia
epidemiology
- septicemia due to direct inoculation of bacteria into the blood
- immunocompetent individuals rarely have septicemia (bacterial infections are self-limited)
*which type of bacteria produces more severe septicemia?
GRAM-NEG
- due to release of ENDOTOXIN
- activates various defensive rxn by the body
Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia
diagnosis
signs + symptoms
*Septicemia, Bacteremia, + Toxemia
treatment + *prevention
T- prompt diagnosis + antimicrobial drugs
P-includes immediate treatment of infections
*–important in individuals w immune systm
4 potential effects of Endotoxin [Lipid A of LPS]
1 Fever
2 Disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC]
3 Inflammation
4 Shock
Shock from Endotoxins is caused by…
inflammation,
plasma loss, reduction of BP
*Endocarditis
Pathogen
streptococci cause almost half of the cases
*Endocarditis
Pathogenesis + epidemiology
- patients usually have obvious source of infection
- -patients w abnormal hearts have increased risk
- -results in vegetation in heart valves
*Endocarditis
Treatment + *prevention
T-treat w IV antibacterial drugs
*P- prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk patients when needed
Endocarditis
signs + symptoms
fever, fatigue, malaise, tachycardia (fast heart rate)
*Lyme Disease
signs + symptoms
3 phases in untreated patients:
1 bull’s eye rash at infection site
2 neurological symptoms
3 severe arthritis
*Lyme Disease
pathogen
Spirochete Borrelia Burgdorferi
Lyme Disease
virulence factors
- use of manganese instead of iron circumvents host defense
- avoids immune detection by altering membrane proteins
most reported vectore-borne disease in U.S.
lyme disease
2 events that contribute to an increase in lyme disease
1 mvmt of human population into woodland areas
2 protection of deer population
Lyme Disease
treatment + prevention
T-antimicrobial drugs used in early phase
–treatment in later phase is difficult
P-repellants containing protective clothing
Infectious Mononucleosis aka kissing disease
Pathogen
Epstein-Barr virus
[EBV or HHV-4]
-establishes latent infection in host
*Infectious Mononucleosis
epidemiology
- -transmission occurs via saliva
- -occurs more in teens/young adults
- most adults have antibodies
- EBV infects B lymph
Infectious Mononucleosis
diagnosis, treatment, +prevention
D-large lobed B cells + neutropenia
T-focus on relieving symptoms
P-difficult since EBV is widespread
Infectious Mononucleosis
signs + symptoms
- severe sore throat + fever occur initially
- followed by swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, + appetite loss
*Cytomegalovirus
pathogen
cytomegalovirus
*Cytomegalovirus
signs + symptoms
- -complications in neonates +immunodeficient individuals
- asymptomatic in most cases
*Cytomegalovirus
epidemiology
- -transmits by DIRECT CONTACT w bodily fluids + TRANSPLACENTALLY
- one of the most common infections of humans
*Cytomegalovirus
pathogenesis
- teratogenic, primarily hearing loss which makes dvlpt of vaccine to protect pregnant women necessary
- vertical transmission to fetus via placenta
*teratogenic
agent that can cause birth defects
*African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever [Ebola]
pathogen
Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus
*filamentous shaped virus
African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever [Ebola]
signs + symptoms
- fever, fatigue
- minor petechiae progress to severe internal hemorrhaging
*African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever [Ebola]
epidemiology
- occurs primarily in Africa (endemic)
- transmits via CONTACT w bodily fluids of infected individuals
African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever [Ebola]
diagnosis, treatment, + prevention
D-symptoms + presence of virus in blood
T-fluid+electrolyte replacement
P-vaccines are being studied for efficacy
*Malaria
pathogen
4 Plasmodium species
-disease severity depends on the species
*Malaria
signs + symptoms
- -associated w parasite’s life cycle w/in erythrocytes
- fever + chills occur on a 2-3 day cycle
- anemia, weakness, fatigue
Malaria
Virulence Factors
- reproductive cycle hides parasite from immune surveillance
- malaria secretome injects toxins into host cells
- adhesins allowRBC to adhere to certain tissues
- merozoites form w/in vesicles + avoid detection
- changed in body chem attracts other mosquitos
*which pathogen causes the most severe malaria?
plasmodium falciparum
*Malaria
epidemiology
endemic in tropics + subtropics
Malaria
diagnosis + treatment
D-plasmodium in blood
T-varies by species + disease severity
–some plasmodium strains are resistant to antimalarial drugs
*Malaria
prevention
requires control of mosquitos
