Chapter 23 - Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System Flashcards
*Dental Caries
pathogen
Streptococcus mutans
*Periodontal disease
pathogen
porphyromonas gingivalis
-proteases break down gingival tissue
Dental Caries
signs + symptoms
appear as holes or pits in the teeth
Periodontal disease
signs + symptoms
swollen, tender, bright red, or bleeding gums
Dental caries, Gingivitis, + Periodontal Disease
- most adults have experienced dental caries
- diets high in sucrose increase the risk of decay
*Peptic Ulcer
pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
*Peptic Ulcer
virulence factors
1 flagella (burrows thru stomach lining) 2 adhesins (attcmt to gastric cells) 3 urease (neutrlz stomach acid) 4 toxins (damage gastric mucosa)
*Peptic Ulcer
epidemiology
- fecal-oral transmission
- stress may worsen ulcer sympt
Peptic Ulcer
D T P
D-xray to find ulcers; presence of H.pylori in clinical specimens
T-antimicrobials + drugs that inhibit stomach acid
P-avoidance of fecal-oral transm
Bacterial Gastroenteritis: campylobacter diarrhea
pathogen
campylobacter jejuni
*most common cause of diarrhea that send ppl to DR
Bacterial Gastroenteritis: campylobacter diarrhea
virulence factors
VF cause bleeding lesions + inflammation
-adhesin, cytotoxin, + endotoxin
Bacterial Gastroenteritis: antimicrobial associated diarrhea
pathogen
clostridium difficile
*Bacterial Gastroenteritis: antimicrobial associated diarrhea
epidemiology
- clos. difficile is part of normal human intestinal microbiota that can caus life-threatening disease
- any antimicrobial treatment can trigger infection
*Bacterial Gastroenteritis: antimicrobial associated diarrhea
virulence factors
- produces 2 toxins (mediates inflammation + pseudomembrane formation)
- multiple antibiotic resistance
- endospore-forming
Bacterial Gastroenteritis: antimicrobial associated diarrhea
D T *P
D-presence of bacterial toxins in stool
T-treat w antimicrobials
*P-avoid unnecessary antimicrobials
*pseudomembranous colitis
lesions that occurs in severe cases of antimicrobial associated diarrhea (fr c.difficile)
*Bacterial Food Poisoning
aka 4 hr food poisoning
pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
*Bacterial Food Poisoning
aka 4 hr food poisoning
signs + symptoms
nausea, vomit, diarrhea, cramp
*Bacterial Food Poisoning
aka 4 hr food poisoning
VF
5 enterotoxins
-released in food, no taste change
*Bacterial Food Poisoning
aka 4 hr food poisoning
epidemiology
- outbreaks assoc. w social functions
- happens in 4 hrs from when toxin is ingested
Bacterial Food Poisoning
aka 4 hr food poisoning
D T P
D-signs+symp
T-fluid + electrolytes
P-proper hygiene
*Mumps
signs, sympt, + prevention
painful swelling of salivary glands (parotid glands)
-prevented w MMR
*Viral Gastroenteritis
pathogen
-rotavirus
Viral Gastroenteritis
signs + symptoms
nausea, vomit, diarrhea, cramp
Viral Gastroenteritis
epidemiology
occurs more in winter
Viral Gastroenteritis
D T P
D-serological test
T-fluid+electrolyte
P-vaccine
*Viral Hepatitis
pathogens
5 types
1 hep A virus [HAV] 2 hep B virus [HBV] 3 hep C virus [HCV] 4 hep delta virus [HDV] 5 hep E virus [HEV]
*Viral Hepatitis
signs + sympt
jaundice, ab pain, fatigue, vomiting, appetite loss
- symptoms may occur years after initial infection
- host immune response causes much of liver damage
Viral Hepatitis
diagnosis
jaundice, enlarged liver, fluid in abdomen
-serological testing can ID viral antigens
Viral Hepatitis
prevention
good hygiene, protected sex, + abstinence
bacterial UTI
pathogen
enteric bacteria are most common cause
escherichia coli causes most
bacterial UTI
signs + sympt
- frequent painful urination
- urine may be cloudy w foul odor
bacterial UTI
VF
flagella + attachment fimbriae
bacterial UTI
epidemiology
- self inoculate decal bacteria into urethra
- most common in 3-4 yr old females
*Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
pathogen
some strains of S.aureus
*Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
signs + sympt
- sudden onset fever, chills, vomit, diarrhea, low BP, confusion, severe red rash
- hypovolemic shock in untreated
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
VF
toxins
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
*epidemiology
-microbes grows at a site of body (tampons + IUD)
- absorption of toxin into blood triggers toxic shock syndrome (systemic inflammation triggered by immune system)
- most cases occur in menstruating females
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
treatment + prevention
T-med emergency, removal of foreign material, antimicrobial drugs
P-avoid tampons or using less absorbent tampons
Bacterial Vaginosis
pathogen
-white vaginal discharge w fishy odor
Bacterial Vaginosis
signs + symptoms
various anaerobic bacteria
Bacterial Vaginosis
epidemiology
various sexual partners + vaginal douching
Bacterial Vaginosis
treatment
oral or vaginal metronidazole
Yeast Infections
pathogens
candida albicans
-normal flora
Yeast Infections
signs + sympt
severe itching + burning
Yeast Infections
treatment
azole + fluconazole (diflucan)
*Gonorrhea
pathogen
Neisseria gonorrheae
Gonorrhea
signs + symptoms
men- painful urination, purulent discharge (drip)
—sterility if untreated
women- usually asymptomatic
—pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility
Gonorrhea
VF
fimbriae, capsule, endotoxin
*Gonorrhea
epidemiology
bacteria attach to epithelial cells of mucous membranes (uretha in M, cervix in W)
- only occur in humans
- risk inc. w unprotected sex
Gonorrhea
D T P
D-genetic probe for asymp
T-broad-spect cephalosporin
P-safe sex
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
conjunctivitis in newborns born fr post vaginal delivery fr mothers w gonorrhea
- treated w 0.5% erythromycin
- untreated can lead to blindness
*syphilis
pathogen
treponema pallidum
-lives only in humans
*syphilis
signs + symptoms
4 phases:
1 primary (chancre lesion) 2 secondary (generalized rash) 3 latent 4 tertiary (neurosyphilis)
syphilis
epidemiology
worldwide
syphilis
pathogenesis
- transmitted via sexual contact
- -sometimes mother to child during pregnancy
- most do not develop tertiary syphilis
*syphilis
diagnosis
primary, secondary, + congenital w antibody test
-tertiary is difficult to diagnose
syphilis
treatment
penicillin G to treat all but tertiary
*chlamydia
pathogen
chlamydia trachomatis
*chlamydia
signs + sympt
W-usually asympt
M-painful urination, pus discharge fr penis
*lymphogranuloma venereum causes a genital lesion + bubo in groin
*chlamydia
epidemiology
- enters thru scrapes + cuts
- infect mucous membr or conjunctival cells
- various strains of chlamydia cause infection of lymph nodes, conjunctiva, + lungs
- most common reportable bacterial std in the US
chlamydia
*D T P
D-infection can mimic gonorrhea
-detect chlamydial DNA by PCR diagnostic
T-antimicrobial drugs
P-safe sex
Genital Herpes
pathogen
human herpesvirus 2
Genital Herpes
signs + sympt
small blisters on or around genitals or rectum
Genital Herpes
pathogenesis
- kills epithelial cells at infection site
- blisters may form at sites far fr initial infections
- babes can become infected at birth
Genital Herpes
epidemiology
gen. herpes quadruples the risk of HIV infection
Genital Herpes
D T
D- characteristic lesions
T-acyclovir
Genital Warts aka Condylomata Acuminata
pathogen
human papillomavirus [HPV]
Genital Warts aka Condylomata Acuminata
signs + sympt
- warts on genitalia + surrounding areas
- large growths called condylomata acuminate may form
Genital Warts aka Condylomata Acuminata
epidemiology
- HPV invade skin or mucous membr during sex
- #1 cause of std in US
Genital Warts aka Condylomata Acuminata
D T P
D-warts
T-wart removal
P-vaccine against HPV strain associated w cervical cancer
