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Microbiology > Chapter 15 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

innate immunity

A

aka non specific immunity

  • body’s first line of defense
  • structures, chem, + processes that work to prevent pathogens that are entering the body
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2
Q

structures of innate immunity

A
  • skin

- mucous membrane: respiratory, digestive, urinary, + reproductive sytm

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3
Q

chemicals of innate immunity

A

-natural proteases

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4
Q

processes of innate immunity

A

-phagocytic cells

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5
Q

Skin

A
  • has chemical that defend against pathogens
  • perspiration
  • sebum
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6
Q

2 layers of Skin

A

epidermis: layer of dead skin cells, prevents most pathogens fr getting in
dermis: below epidermis; where most immune cells would be

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7
Q

Perspiration

A
  • secreted by sweat glands
  • salt inhibits pathogen growth
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • lysozymes destroy cell wall of bacteria
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8
Q

sebum

A
  • secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands
  • helps keep skin pliable
  • lowers skin pH to an inhibitory level to many bacterias
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9
Q

Lysozyme

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria, occurring notably in tears and sweat

-breaks cell wall peptidoglycan of GRAM-POS bacteria

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10
Q

mucous membrane

A

-line all the body cavities open to the environment

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11
Q

2 layers of the mucous membrane

A

1 epithelium

2 deeper connective tissue layer

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12
Q

Epithelium of Mucous Membrane

A
  • thin outer covering
  • cells are living
  • tightly packed to prevent entry of pathogens
  • continuous shedding of cells carries away microbes
  • mucous physically traps microbes
  • mucous secretions has antimicrobial chemicals
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13
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A
  • produces + drains tears

- blinking spreads tears + washes surface of eye

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14
Q

most eye infections are caused by ____

A

most eye infections are caused by GRAM NEGATIVE

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15
Q

what targets gram positive bacteria in the eye

A

lysozyme

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16
Q

Microbial Antagonism

A

normal microbiota compete w potential pathogens

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17
Q

Normal microbiota + innate immunity

A
  • normal flora makes it difficult for pathogens to compete
  • consume nutrients
  • create an environment unfavorable to other microbes
  • help stimulate body’s second line of defense
  • promote overall health by providing vitamins to host
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18
Q

body’s second line of defense

A
  • operates when pathogens penetrate the skin or mucous membrane
  • consist of plasma, cells, antimicrobial agents
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19
Q

Plasma

A
  • mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, + protein
  • includes iron-binding compounds, complement proteins, + antibodies
  • 55% of whole blood
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20
Q

Serum

A

-fluid remaining from plasma when fibrinogen (clotting factors) is removed

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21
Q

Fibrinogen

A

clotting matter

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22
Q

3 types of Cells/Cell Fragments

A

1 erythrocyte
2 platelet
3 leukocyte

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23
Q

formed elements

A

cells and cell fragments in plasma

-leukocyte, platelet, + erythrocyte

24
Q

erythrocyte

A

carry oxygen + carbon dioxide in the blood

25
Q

platelet

A

involved in blood clotting

26
Q

leukocyte

A
  • involved in defending the body against invaders

- divided into granulocytes + agranulocytes

27
Q

monocytes

A

differentiates into macrophage when leaving the blood stream

28
Q

5 types of white blood cells

A 
never let monkeys eat bananas
neutrophil
lymphocyte
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil
29
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process of production, multiplication, + specialization of blood cells in the bone marrow

30
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A

1 Basophil
2 Eosinophil
3 Neutrophil

31
Q

basophil

stain color and dye

A

stains blue

basic dye with methylene blue

32
Q

eosinophil

stain color and dye

A

stain color red/orange

acidic dye eosin

33
Q

neutrophil

stain color and dye

A

stain is lilac

mix of acid + basic dyes

34
Q

neutrophils + eosinophils

A
  • phagocytize pathogens
  • capable of diapedesis
  • can kill bacteria by non-phagocytic means
35
Q

2 types of agranulocytes

A

1 lymphocyte

2 monocyte

36
Q

leukocyte most involved in adaptive immunity

A

lymphocyte

37
Q

when ___ leave the blood + moves into tissues, they mature into macrophage

A

monocytes

38
Q

diapedesis

A

the passage of blood cells (by squeezing) through capillary walls into the tissues

39
Q

differential white blood cell count

A

-lab analysis can signal signs of disease
.incr eosino: allergies, parasitic worms
.incr leuko + neutro:bacterial disease
.incr lympho:viral infection

40
Q

5 stages of phagocytosis

A 
1 chemotaxis
2 adherence
3 ingestion
4 killing
5 elimination
41
Q

Eosinophil

nonphagocytic killing

A
  • secrete toxins that weaken/kill the helminth
  • attack parasitic helminths by attaching to their surface
  • mitochondrial DNA + proteins form structures that kills some bacteria
42
Q

an indication of helminth (worm) infestation

A

elevated eosinophil

43
Q

Neutrophil

nonphagocytic killing

A
  • produce chem that kill nearby invaders

- generate extracellular fibers called NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS that bind + kill bacteria

44
Q

can use phagocytic + non-phagocytic means to kill bacteria

A

eosino + neutro

45
Q

NK lymphocytes

nonphagocytic killing

A
  • secretes toxins onto surface of VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS + TUMORS
  • differentiate normal body cells bc they have membrane proteins similar to NK cells
  • kills cells w/o MHC
46
Q

Interferons

chem killing

A
  • released by virally infected host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections
  • cause of many symptoms associated w viral infections
47
Q

2 types of interferons

A 
Type I (alpha + beta)
Type II (gamma)
48
Q

Complement

chem killing

A
  • set of serum proteins designated numerically according to their order of discovery
  • complement activation results in lysis of the foreign cell
49
Q

complement activation

A

1 classical pathway
2 alternative pathway
3 lectin pathway

50
Q

products of complement cascade

A

1 triggering inflammation
2 attracting phagocytes to sites of infection
3 killing the microbe by MAC attack

51
Q

MAC attack

A

membrane attack complex

52
Q

Inflammation

A
  • redness, heat, swelling, pain

- nonspecific response to tissue damage fr various causes

53
Q

2 types of Inflammation

A 
1 Acute
2 Chronic (long lasting)
54
Q

Acute Inflammation

A
  • important for second line of defense
  • develops quickly + short-lived
  • typically beneficial
55
Q

acute inflammation for second line of defense

A
  • dilation increased permeability of blood vessels
  • migration of phagocytes
  • tissue repair
56
Q

Fever

A
  • temp over 37 celsius

- result when pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body’s core temp

57
Q

3 types of pyrogens

A
  • bacterial toxins
  • cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis
  • antibody-antigen complexes

Microbiology (26 decks)

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