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Microbiology > Chapter 16 - Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • body’s ability to recognize + defend itself fr distinct invaders+ their products
  • ACQUIRED immunity bc they become activated (LYMPHOCYTE require exposure to the antigen for which they are specific)
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2
Q

5 attributes of adaptive immunity

A 
1 specificity; acquired immunity
2 inducibility
3 clonality
4 unresponsiveness to self
5 memory
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3
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

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4
Q

B lymphocytes

A
  • arises + matures in red bone marrow
  • found mostly in spleen, lymph nodes, + MALT
  • small % circulate in blood
  • effective at neutralizing exotoxins of bacteria
  • MAJOR FUNCTION: SECRETION OF ANTIBODIES
  • agglutination
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5
Q

T lymphocytes

A

matures in thymus

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6
Q

2 types of adaptive immune response

A

1 humoral immune response

2 cell-mediated immune response

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7
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

process of the production, multiplication, and specialization of blood cells in the bone marrow

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8
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A
  • red bone marrow

- thymus

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9
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A
  • lymphoid tissue of RT (BALT)
  • lymphoid tissue of GI (GALT)
  • Peyer’s Patch
  • Appendix
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10
Q

Antigens

A

antibody generator

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11
Q

properties of antigens

A
  • molecules the body recognize as foreign + worth of attack
  • recognized by 3D regions called epitopes
  • include various bacterial components as well as proteins of viruses, fungi, + protozoa
  • food + dust can also contain antigenic particles
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12
Q

3 types of Antigens

A

1 Exogenous Antigens
2 Endogenous Antigens
3 Autogenous Antigens

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13
Q

Exogenous Antigens

A
  • antigens that have entered the body from the outside

- via inhalation, ingestion, or injection

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14
Q

Endogenous Antigens

A
  • antigens that have been generated w/in previously normal cells bc of viral/intracellular bacterial infections
  • if activated CD8 recognize them and cause lysis/apoptosis of infected cell
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15
Q

Autogenous Antigens

A

-usually normal self proteins that is recognized by the immune system of patients suffering from an autoimmune disease

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16
Q

B lymphocyte major function

A

secretion of antibodies

  • when activated, B lymphocytes turn into Plasma cells
  • plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies
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17
Q

Antibodies

A
  • aka immunoglobulin
  • secreted by plasma cells
  • contains antigen-binding site
18
Q

Plasma Cells

A

activated B cells

19
Q

Antibody Function

A
  • antigen-binding sites are complementary to epitopes
  • all functions are external to cell
  • CANNOT penetrate cells + bind internal antigens (like viruses)

1 activation of complement + inflamation
2 neutralization (like toxins)
3 opsonization
4 killing of exogenous microbes by oxidation
5 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

20
Q

5 Classes of Antibodies/Immunoglobulins (Ig)

A 
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgM
IgD
21
Q

IgM

A
  • first antibody produced

- pentameric/largest

22
Q

IgG

A
  • most common + longest lasting

- can cross placenta

23
Q

IgA

A
  • associated w body secretions
  • dimer/trimer
  • saliva, tears, intestinal + bronchial mucus, + breast milk
24
Q

IgE

A

involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies

25
Q

IgD

A

IgDumb

unknown functions

26
Q

Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay

[ELISA]

A

-use of antibodies to detect antigens in the patient’s serum

Direct ELISA (pregnancy test)
Sandwich ELISA (antigen stuck bw 2 antibodies)(direct)
Indirect ELISA (HIV test)
27
Q

3 types of T Lymphocytes

A

based on surface glycoproteins + characteristic functions
1 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
2 Helper T lymphocytes
3 Regulatory T lymphocytes

28
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

directly kills other cells including virally infected cells

29
Q

Helper T lymphocytes

A

helps regulate the activities of B cells + cytotoxic T cells

30
Q

Regulatory T lymphocytes

A

represses adaptive immune responses

31
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex [MHC]

A
  • major histocompatibility antigens are glycoproteins found in the membranes of most cells of vertebrate animals
  • holds and positions antigenic determinants for presentation to T cells
  • antigens bind in the antigen-binding groove of MHC molecules
32
Q

2 classes of MHC

A

MHC I -cd8/cytoxic

MHC II -cd4/helper

33
Q

Establishment of Immunological Memory

A
  • B+T cells have memory cells
  • BCR + TCR that are complementary to the antigenic determinants that triggered their production
  • initiate antibody production if antigen is encountered again in B memory cells
  • VACCINES
34
Q

Vaccines

A

killed or attenuated pathogens that are given to healthy persons in order to establish immunological memory

35
Q

2 types of Acquired Immunity

A

Naturally Acquired
Artificially Acquired

-further distinguished as either ACTIVE or PASSIVE

36
Q

Naturally Acquired Immunity

A
  • response against antigens encountered in daily life
  • passive (placenta)
  • active (infection)
37
Q

Artificially Acquired

A
  • response to antigens introduced via vaccine
  • passive (serotherapy)
  • active (vaccination)
38
Q

direct elisa is looking for ___ in patient’s serum

A

ANTIGEN

39
Q

indirect elisa is looking for ____ in patient’s serum

A

ANTIBODIES

40
Q

CD4+

A

helper T cells

41
Q

CD8+

A

cytotoxic T cells

Microbiology (26 decks)

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