FINAL REVIEW- EYES, EARS, and RESP system Flashcards
Geimsa stained smear from ear of a dog; This is….
Malassezia
Most common fungal organism in the ear
bottle-shaped yeast
You can also see Malassezia in the skin, causes dry lesions
In horses guttural pouch mycoses occur as a complication of
Strangles because all of lymphnodes in the retopharyneal region are inflammed, so it blocks the area and fungal organisms can get in
This would probably be aspergilis
Identify the yeast.
Blastomyces
Broad-based budding
Identifiy the yeast.
Histoplasma
these are the smallest and they are usually intracytoplasmic
Cryptococcus
Which of the following bacteria is not generally involved in shipping fever pnuemonia in cattle?
A. Mannhemimia hemolytica
B. Pasteurella multocida
C. Histophilus somni
D. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
D.
shipping fever is mutlifactorial and it almost always involves those three organisms
Which of the following statement is incorrect?
A. Foal pneumonia is caused by Rhodovoccus equi.
B. R. equi is a facultative intracellular bacteria
C. R. equi is partially acid fast
D. Penicillin is the antibiotic of choice in treatming R. equi infections
D penicillin is not affective because it’s intracellular
You want to use macrolides or rhampapin
Moraxella bovis
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle
Moraxella bovis
When will moraxella bovis be the largest problem?
What are the vectors?
IN THE SUMMER
FLIES
this is a very contagious and painful conditiona and it can damage the eyes
Infectious ovine keratoconjunctivitis
Mycoplasma conjunctivae Chlamydia pecorum
Otitis in calves can be caused by
Otitis in calves can be caused by Mycoplasma bovis and Histophilus somni
Ear infections dogs
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - MOST PROBAMATIC ORGANISM if you treat this then you will probably cover all of these because it’s very hard to treatment because it is resistant to most antiboditics
Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Malassezia pachydermatis
Are bacteria and fungus usually the primary cause of ear infections?
NO!!!- Bacteria and fungus are secondary causes
How do we diagnosis ear infections?
Diagnosis:
Cytology or Gram staining to examine bacterial and yeast overgrowth
Culture; Samples should be taken with a sterile culturette swab from the horizontal canal or from the middle ear in cases of tympanic rupture.
Address the predisposing/ Primary causes”
Antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory therapy
What is the most common predisposing factor for otitis externa?
ANATOMY- because they have a vertical and then horizontal canal
Conjunctivitis in cats
Chlamydia felis (Feline pneumonitis) - most common
Mycoplasma felis (mycoplasma conjunctivitis)
What are some systemic bacterial infections?
Systemic bacterial infections
Rickettsia,
Anaplasma,
Ehrlichia Brucellosis
Leptospirosis- might be in equine recurrent uvetits
What are some systemic fungal infections in the eye?
Systemic mycoses
Blastomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
(Protothecosis- fungal like organism; algea)
Chlamydia
You can tell because of the inclusion bodies
Mycotic keratitis in equines
( Aspergillus sp).
common because of the trauma in the eye and they can get secondary keratitis
Equine recurrent uveitis
Equine recurrent uveitis
(Periodic ophthalmia, Moon blindness)
Leptospira infection?/ Immune complex disease?
Iris and uvea are affected
Guttural pouch mycosis
Guttural pouch mycosis
Occurs as complication of Streptococcus equi subsp equi Aspergillus sp
Main complication;nose bleeding (epistaxis) because of the location to the caroid artery; it ruptures
Which hosts are respiratory systems diseases most common in?
FOOD ANIMAL
Upper Respiratory tract
- Nasal passages
- Nasopharynx
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Extrathoracic Trachea
Lower Respiratory tract
- Intrathoracic trachea
- Bronchi
- Pulmonary parenchyma
PNEUMONIA
Respiratory system
• Resident and transient microflora are common in upper respiratory tract- have to figure out which one is NOT SUPPOSED TO BE THERE
These bacteria can be involved in upper and lower respiratory tract diseases
The culture results must be carefully evaluated combined with other clinical observations
What are the best respiratory system samples to take?
Tracheal lavage or a broncho-alevolar lavage
Respiratory infection can come from:
Respiratory infection can come from:
• Inhalation
• Aspiration
• Hematogenous spread> sepsis> multiple organs might be involved
• Secondary bacterial infections occur after viral infections
- Rhinitis
- Tracheitis
- Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
Diagnosis of Respiratory diseases
Blood gas analysis
Imaging
Fecal testing
Endoscopic evaluation
Fungal serology
(Cats; serum Cryptococcal antigen testing)
Culture of nasal discharge
Tracheal or broncheoalveolar lavage Cytology, Gram stain, culture
(acid fast stain)
Histopathology
Rhinosporidium seeberi; Nasal polyp/tumor like growth in animals and human
common in SW US and in tropical countries
looks like a tumor
Common systemic fungal infections with primary lung involvement
and what do they cause?
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Coccidioides immitis
cats- cryptococcus
PYOGRANULOMATOUS LESIONS
Cryptococcus
Histoplasma in dogs causes gastrointestinal disease
Histoplasmosis:
Histoplasmosis:
Systemic disease , The second most common fungal infection in cats. (Disseminated disease in cats)
Gastrointestinal involvement is common in dogs(also pthyium will do this in cats), Protein-losing enteropathy,Peripheral lymphadenopathy, Polyarthropathy, osteomyelitis
Blastomycosis:
Blastomycosis: Endemic distribution in Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio river valley Cutaneous, respiratory, ocular, bone forms are seen
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis
Cats, dogs, psittacine birds, koalas Nasal cavity, CNS, ocular, GI, Cutaneous lesions in cats is a marker for disseminated cryptococcosis
has an affintity for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Coccidiodomycosis
Coccidiodomycosis
Lung involvement with dissemination to bones
Endemic in certain parts Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico
Valley fever
Coccidiodomycosis
this is an acute infection that looks like a flu in the SW US when you move the soil around
Aspergillus sp. other opportunic fungal agents can cause
Aspergillus sp. other opportunic fungal agents can cause fungal pneumonia in animals
Aspergillus sp. can de-pigmentate the muzzle
BETA-D GLUCAN ASSAY;
BETA-D GLUCAN ASSAY( in most fungal organisms); General screening of invasive fungal disease
False positives and false negatives may occur
test for Cryptococcus neoformans;
Latex agglutination test
- Qualitative and semi-quantitative test system for the detection of capsular polysaccharide antigens of Cryptococcus neoformans in Serum or CSF.
- Good diagnostic and prognostic value
Are early test results useful?
The test results are often negative early in the course of infection
Are fungal tests useful in systemic disease?
Not useful in dogs without overt systemic disease
Do we do a lot of tests to monitor fungal infections?
Not useful in monitoring response to therapy or disease recurrence
Treatment for Fungal organisms
Treatment
Prognosis ??????
Expensive and Time consuming
Need diligent and compliant owners
Azoles, Amphotericin, Terbinafine
3 things about zoonosis in fungal infections
Zoonosis
Almost always environmental
Direct transmission rare
Lab accidents from mold form of fungal growth
Histoplasma and Cocciososis are what BSL level
3
Infectious tracheobronchitis
Infectious tracheobronchitis ( kennel cough):Bordetella bronchiseptica
Actinomycosis/Nocardiosis;
Actinomycosis/Nocardiosis; Pleuritis and pyothorax
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Calf diphtheria-necrotic laryngitis
Necrotic laryngitis in cattle;
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Acute to chronic infection in 3-18 month old feedlot cattle, severe dyspnea, Ptyalism; bilateral, purulent nasal discharge,
Systemic signs may include fever anorexia, Untreated calves die in 2–7 days from toxemia and upper airway obstruction.
What can also cause laryngitis in cattle?
Histophilus somni can also cause laryngitis in cattle
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma bovis
REPORTABLE!
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
obligate pathogen in swine
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD)complex
- Multifactorial etiology
- Complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors,
and pathogens.
• Interactions between viral and bacterial pathogens Mannheimia hemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni
Mycoplasma bovis
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Mannheimia haemolytica
Important bacterial agent in shipping fever pneumonia
Produce a ruminant specific leukotoxin- toxic to leuckocytes
(Bovine Shipping Fever – Serofibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis
Enzootic pneumonia in calves
• Primarily a problem in housed Dairy calves <6 mo old with peak occurrence from 2–10 wk,
• Morbidity rates may approach 100%
• Case fatality rates vary but can reach 20%.
• Partial or complete failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies Respiratory viruses and
Pasteurella multocida,
Mannheimia haemolytica
Mycoplasma bovis
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
• Mycoplasma mycoides.subsp mycoides(Small colony type) • Reportable Disease
- Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
- Mycoplasma mycoides.subsp mycoides(Small colony type)
marbling in the lungs
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
M. capricolum susbsp. capripneumoniae
Pasteurella multocida
serotypes B1 and E2: Hemorrhagic septicemia
Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in cattle (Also cause arthritis)
Diagnosis of Respiratory diseases
Diagnosis
Culture- usually from lung lesions at necropsy and Nasal discharges
Necropsy and histopathology
Treatment and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases
Treatment
Antimicrobial drugs used for individual treatment and ‘metaphylaxis’
Limited choices for food animal treatment due to costs and drug residue concerns
(tetracycline, penicillin, sulfonamides, ceftiofur, tilmicosin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin)
Prevention:
Management
Vaccines
Metaphylaxis?
Atrophic Rhinitis in swine
• Turbinate lesions: Shortening of upper jaw (brachygnathia), Deviation of septum
Progressive atrophic rhinitis:
Pasteurella multocida toxin(PMT)-Osteoclasts +
Bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotic toxin(DNT)- Osteoblasts
Progressive atrophic rhinitis:
Pasteurella multocida toxin(PMT)-Osteoclasts +
Bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotic toxin(DNT)- Osteoblasts- which causes loss of bone
Haemophilus parasuis
Commensal in the nasal cavity, tonsil, trachea and(lung) of normal pigs
Spread from sows to piglets at early stage of life
Glasser’s disease
Polyserositis, polysynovitis, meningitis
Mucosal colonization > mucosal barrier breach > Enter blood stream> replication at serosal sites > fibrinopurulent inflammation
Systemic infection >DIC > Microthrombi in lung, liver, kidney
Haemophilus parasuis
Glasser’s disease
Porcine pleuropneumonia
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Hemorrhagic and necrotizing pleuropneumonia
pig bleeding from the nose
Porcine pleuropneumonia
Porcine pleuropneumonia
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Hemorrhagic and necrotizing pleuropneumonia
pig bleeding from the nose
Foal pneumonia:
Horses
Foal pneumonia: Rhodococcus equi
The most serious cause of pneumonia in foals 1–4 mo old.
The presence of nodular lung lesions and mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Bacterial culture of transtracheal wash samples
Cytologic evaluation of transtracheal wash samples reveal intracellular coccobacilli
