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Bact > FINAL REVIEW- EYES, EARS, and RESP system > Flashcards

FINAL REVIEW- EYES, EARS, and RESP system Flashcards

1
Q

Geimsa stained smear from ear of a dog; This is….

A

Malassezia

Most common fungal organism in the ear

bottle-shaped yeast

You can also see Malassezia in the skin, causes dry lesions

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2
Q

In horses guttural pouch mycoses occur as a complication of

A

Strangles because all of lymphnodes in the retopharyneal region are inflammed, so it blocks the area and fungal organisms can get in

This would probably be aspergilis

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3
Q

Identify the yeast.

A

Blastomyces

Broad-based budding

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4
Q

Identifiy the yeast.

A

Histoplasma

these are the smallest and they are usually intracytoplasmic

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5
Q
A

Cryptococcus

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6
Q

Which of the following bacteria is not generally involved in shipping fever pnuemonia in cattle?

A. Mannhemimia hemolytica

B. Pasteurella multocida

C. Histophilus somni

D. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

D.

shipping fever is mutlifactorial and it almost always involves those three organisms

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7
Q

Which of the following statement is incorrect?

A. Foal pneumonia is caused by Rhodovoccus equi.

B. R. equi is a facultative intracellular bacteria

C. R. equi is partially acid fast

D. Penicillin is the antibiotic of choice in treatming R. equi infections

A

D penicillin is not affective because it’s intracellular

You want to use macrolides or rhampapin

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8
Q

Moraxella bovis

A

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle

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9
Q
A

Moraxella bovis

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10
Q

When will moraxella bovis be the largest problem?

What are the vectors?

A

IN THE SUMMER

FLIES

this is a very contagious and painful conditiona and it can damage the eyes

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11
Q

Infectious ovine keratoconjunctivitis

A

Mycoplasma conjunctivae Chlamydia pecorum

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12
Q

Otitis in calves can be caused by

A

Otitis in calves can be caused by Mycoplasma bovis and Histophilus somni

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13
Q

Ear infections dogs

A

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - MOST PROBAMATIC ORGANISM if you treat this then you will probably cover all of these because it’s very hard to treatment because it is resistant to most antiboditics

Escherichia coli

Proteus mirabilis

Malassezia pachydermatis

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14
Q

Are bacteria and fungus usually the primary cause of ear infections?

A

NO!!!- Bacteria and fungus are secondary causes

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15
Q

How do we diagnosis ear infections?

A

Diagnosis:
Cytology or Gram staining to examine bacterial and yeast overgrowth

Culture; Samples should be taken with a sterile culturette swab from the horizontal canal or from the middle ear in cases of tympanic rupture.

Address the predisposing/ Primary causes”

Antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory therapy

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16
Q

What is the most common predisposing factor for otitis externa?

A

ANATOMY- because they have a vertical and then horizontal canal

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17
Q

Conjunctivitis in cats

A

Chlamydia felis (Feline pneumonitis) - most common

Mycoplasma felis (mycoplasma conjunctivitis)

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18
Q

What are some systemic bacterial infections?

A

Systemic bacterial infections
Rickettsia,

Anaplasma,

Ehrlichia Brucellosis

Leptospirosis- might be in equine recurrent uvetits

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19
Q

What are some systemic fungal infections in the eye?

A

Systemic mycoses

Blastomycosis

Cryptococcosis

Histoplasmosis

Coccidioidomycosis

(Protothecosis- fungal like organism; algea)

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20
Q
A

Chlamydia

You can tell because of the inclusion bodies

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21
Q

Mycotic keratitis in equines

A

( Aspergillus sp).

common because of the trauma in the eye and they can get secondary keratitis

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22
Q

Equine recurrent uveitis

A

Equine recurrent uveitis

(Periodic ophthalmia, Moon blindness)

Leptospira infection?/ Immune complex disease?

Iris and uvea are affected

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23
Q

Guttural pouch mycosis

A

Guttural pouch mycosis
Occurs as complication of Streptococcus equi subsp equi Aspergillus sp
Main complication;nose bleeding (epistaxis) because of the location to the caroid artery; it ruptures

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24
Q

Which hosts are respiratory systems diseases most common in?

A

FOOD ANIMAL

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25
Q

Upper Respiratory tract

A
  • Nasal passages
  • Nasopharynx
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Extrathoracic Trachea
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26
Q

Lower Respiratory tract

A
  • Intrathoracic trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Pulmonary parenchyma

PNEUMONIA

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27
Q

Respiratory system

A

• Resident and transient microflora are common in upper respiratory tract- have to figure out which one is NOT SUPPOSED TO BE THERE

These bacteria can be involved in upper and lower respiratory tract diseases

The culture results must be carefully evaluated combined with other clinical observations

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28
Q

What are the best respiratory system samples to take?

A

Tracheal lavage or a broncho-alevolar lavage

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29
Q

Respiratory infection can come from:

A

Respiratory infection can come from:
• Inhalation
• Aspiration
• Hematogenous spread> sepsis> multiple organs might be involved

• Secondary bacterial infections occur after viral infections

  • Rhinitis
  • Tracheitis
  • Bronchitis

• Pneumonia

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30
Q

Diagnosis of Respiratory diseases

A

Blood gas analysis

Imaging
Fecal testing

Endoscopic evaluation

Fungal serology

(Cats; serum Cryptococcal antigen testing)

Culture of nasal discharge

Tracheal or broncheoalveolar lavage Cytology, Gram stain, culture

(acid fast stain)

Histopathology

31
Q
A

Rhinosporidium seeberi; Nasal polyp/tumor like growth in animals and human

common in SW US and in tropical countries

looks like a tumor

32
Q

Common systemic fungal infections with primary lung involvement

and what do they cause?

A
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Coccidioides immitis

cats- cryptococcus

PYOGRANULOMATOUS LESIONS

33
Q
A

Cryptococcus

34
Q
A

Histoplasma in dogs causes gastrointestinal disease

35
Q

Histoplasmosis:

A

Histoplasmosis:

Systemic disease , The second most common fungal infection in cats. (Disseminated disease in cats)

Gastrointestinal involvement is common in dogs(also pthyium will do this in cats), Protein-losing enteropathy,Peripheral lymphadenopathy, Polyarthropathy, osteomyelitis

36
Q

Blastomycosis:

A

Blastomycosis: Endemic distribution in Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio river valley Cutaneous, respiratory, ocular, bone forms are seen

37
Q

Cryptococcosis

A

Cryptococcosis
Cats, dogs, psittacine birds, koalas Nasal cavity, CNS, ocular, GI, Cutaneous lesions in cats is a marker for disseminated cryptococcosis

has an affintity for the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

38
Q

Coccidiodomycosis

A

Coccidiodomycosis
Lung involvement with dissemination to bones
Endemic in certain parts Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico

39
Q

Valley fever

A

Coccidiodomycosis

this is an acute infection that looks like a flu in the SW US when you move the soil around

40
Q

Aspergillus sp. other opportunic fungal agents can cause

A

Aspergillus sp. other opportunic fungal agents can cause fungal pneumonia in animals

41
Q
A

Aspergillus sp. can de-pigmentate the muzzle

42
Q

BETA-D GLUCAN ASSAY;

A

BETA-D GLUCAN ASSAY( in most fungal organisms); General screening of invasive fungal disease

False positives and false negatives may occur

43
Q

test for Cryptococcus neoformans;

A

Latex agglutination test

  • Qualitative and semi-quantitative test system for the detection of capsular polysaccharide antigens of Cryptococcus neoformans in Serum or CSF.
  • Good diagnostic and prognostic value
44
Q

Are early test results useful?

A

The test results are often negative early in the course of infection

45
Q

Are fungal tests useful in systemic disease?

A

Not useful in dogs without overt systemic disease

46
Q

Do we do a lot of tests to monitor fungal infections?

A

Not useful in monitoring response to therapy or disease recurrence

47
Q

Treatment for Fungal organisms

A

Treatment

Prognosis ??????

Expensive and Time consuming

Need diligent and compliant owners

Azoles, Amphotericin, Terbinafine

48
Q

3 things about zoonosis in fungal infections

A

Zoonosis

Almost always environmental

Direct transmission rare

Lab accidents from mold form of fungal growth

49
Q

Histoplasma and Cocciososis are what BSL level

A

3

50
Q

Infectious tracheobronchitis

A

Infectious tracheobronchitis ( kennel cough):Bordetella bronchiseptica

51
Q

Actinomycosis/Nocardiosis;

A

Actinomycosis/Nocardiosis; Pleuritis and pyothorax

52
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A

Calf diphtheria-necrotic laryngitis

53
Q

Necrotic laryngitis in cattle;

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A

Acute to chronic infection in 3-18 month old feedlot cattle, severe dyspnea, Ptyalism; bilateral, purulent nasal discharge,

Systemic signs may include fever anorexia, Untreated calves die in 2–7 days from toxemia and upper airway obstruction.

54
Q

What can also cause laryngitis in cattle?

A

Histophilus somni can also cause laryngitis in cattle

55
Q
A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

56
Q

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

A

Mycoplasma bovis

REPORTABLE!

57
Q

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

obligate pathogen in swine

58
Q

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD)complex

A
  • Multifactorial etiology
  • Complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors,

and pathogens.
• Interactions between viral and bacterial pathogens Mannheimia hemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Histophilus somni
Mycoplasma bovis
Arcanobacterium pyogenes

59
Q
A

Mannheimia haemolytica
Important bacterial agent in shipping fever pneumonia
Produce a ruminant specific leukotoxin- toxic to leuckocytes
(Bovine Shipping Fever – Serofibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis

60
Q

Enzootic pneumonia in calves

A

• Primarily a problem in housed Dairy calves <6 mo old with peak occurrence from 2–10 wk,

• Morbidity rates may approach 100%
• Case fatality rates vary but can reach 20%.
• Partial or complete failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies Respiratory viruses and
Pasteurella multocida,
Mannheimia haemolytica
Mycoplasma bovis

61
Q

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

A

• Mycoplasma mycoides.subsp mycoides(Small colony type) • Reportable Disease

62
Q
A
  • Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
  • Mycoplasma mycoides.subsp mycoides(Small colony type)

marbling in the lungs

63
Q
A

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia

M. capricolum susbsp. capripneumoniae

64
Q
A

Pasteurella multocida
serotypes B1 and E2: Hemorrhagic septicemia

65
Q
A

Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia in cattle (Also cause arthritis)

66
Q

Diagnosis of Respiratory diseases

A

Diagnosis

Culture- usually from lung lesions at necropsy and Nasal discharges

Necropsy and histopathology

67
Q

Treatment and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases

A

Treatment

Antimicrobial drugs used for individual treatment and ‘metaphylaxis’

Limited choices for food animal treatment due to costs and drug residue concerns

(tetracycline, penicillin, sulfonamides, ceftiofur, tilmicosin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin)

Prevention:

Management

Vaccines

Metaphylaxis?

68
Q

Atrophic Rhinitis in swine

A

• Turbinate lesions: Shortening of upper jaw (brachygnathia), Deviation of septum

Progressive atrophic rhinitis:
Pasteurella multocida toxin(PMT)-Osteoclasts +

Bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotic toxin(DNT)- Osteoblasts

69
Q
A

Progressive atrophic rhinitis:
Pasteurella multocida toxin(PMT)-Osteoclasts +

Bordetella bronchiseptica dermonecrotic toxin(DNT)- Osteoblasts- which causes loss of bone

70
Q

Haemophilus parasuis

A

Commensal in the nasal cavity, tonsil, trachea and(lung) of normal pigs

Spread from sows to piglets at early stage of life

Glasser’s disease
Polyserositis, polysynovitis, meningitis

Mucosal colonization > mucosal barrier breach > Enter blood stream> replication at serosal sites > fibrinopurulent inflammation
Systemic infection >DIC > Microthrombi in lung, liver, kidney

71
Q
A

Haemophilus parasuis

Glasser’s disease

72
Q
A

Porcine pleuropneumonia

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Hemorrhagic and necrotizing pleuropneumonia

pig bleeding from the nose

73
Q

Porcine pleuropneumonia

A

Porcine pleuropneumonia

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Hemorrhagic and necrotizing pleuropneumonia

pig bleeding from the nose

74
Q

Foal pneumonia:

A

Horses

Foal pneumonia: Rhodococcus equi

The most serious cause of pneumonia in foals 1–4 mo old.

The presence of nodular lung lesions and mediastinal lymphadenopathy

Bacterial culture of transtracheal wash samples

Cytologic evaluation of transtracheal wash samples reveal intracellular coccobacilli

Bact (34 decks)

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