FINAL EXAM - Visual System Flashcards
Cornea transplantation
Procedure in which a damage cornea is replaced by the cornea from the eye of a human cadaver also known as keratoplasty
Glaucoma
Eye disease in which increased eyeball pressure causes gradual loss of sight
Ocular
Pertaining to the Eye or sense of sight
Radial keratotomy
Surgery to correct myopia, nearsightedness, by changing the shape of the cornea
Sleep apnea
condition in which breathing stops for more than 10 seconds during sleep
Ophthalmology
Branch of medicine concerning the diagnosis and treatment of Eye disorders
Otolaryngology
A medical and surgical management of patients with disorders of the ear nose and throat (ENT) and related structures of the head and neck
Blephar/o
Eyelid
Choroid/o
Choroid
Cor/o
Core/o
Pupill/o
Pupil
Dacry/o
Lacrim/o
Tear; lacrimal apparatus
Irid/o
Iris
Kerat/o
Horny tissue; hard; cornea
Acous/o
Audi/o
Audit/o
Hearing
Myring/o
Tympan/o
Tympanic membrane( eardrum)
Salping/o
Eustachian tube
- acusis
- cusis
Hearing
- opia
- opsia
Vision
-ptosis
Prolapse, downward displacement
Exo-
Outside, outward
Achromatopsia
Congenital deficiency and color perception that is more common in men; also called colorblindness
Astigmatism
Refractive disorder in which excessive curvature of the cornea or lens causes late to be scattered over the retina, rather than focus on a single point, resulting in a distorted image
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva thatcan be caused by bacteria, allergy, irritation, or a foreign body; also called pinkeye
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinal damage in diabetic patients marked by aneurysmal dilation and bleeding of blood vessels or the formation of new blood vessels causing visual changes
Hordeolum
Small, Pearland, inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid also called stye
Photophobia
Unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light that occurs in disorders such as meningitis, Eye inflammation, measles, and rubella
Retinal detachment
Separation of the retina from the Choroid, which disrupts vision and results and blindness if not repaired
Strabismus
Muscular Eye disorder in which the eyes turn from the normal position so that they deviate in different directions
Esotropia
Strabismus in which there is deviation of the visual axis of one I tried that of the other eye, resulting in diplopia; also called cross Eye or convergent strabismus
Exotropia
Strabismus in which there is deviation of the visual axis of one Eye away from that of the other, resulting in diplopia also called walleye or divergent strabismus
Anacusis
Total deafness
Conductive hearing loss
Results from any condition that prevents sound waves from being transmitted to the auditory receptors
Presbycusis
Hearing loss that gradually Occurs in most individuals as they grow older
Sensorineural
Inability of nerve stimuli to be delivered to the brain from the inner ear as a result of damage to the auditory nerve or cochlea; also called nerve deafness
Meniere disease
Rare disorder characterized by Progressive deafness, vertigo, and tonight is, possibly secondary to spelling of membrane structures within the labyrinth
Otitis media (OM)
Inflammation of the middle ear, which is commonly the result of an upper respiratory infection and maybe treated with Tympanostomy tube insertion
Otosclerosis
Progressive deafness secondary to ossification in the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
Tinnitus
Ringing or tingling sound heard constantly or intermittently in one or both ears, even in a quiet environment, that usually results from damage to inner ear structures associated with hearing
Vertigo
Sensation of moving around in space or a feeling of spending or dizziness that usually results from inner ear structure damage associated with balance and equilibrium
Tonometry
Test to measure the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure); used to screen for glaucoma
Visual acuity test
Standard I examination to determine the smallest letter a person can read in the Snellen chart at a distance of 20 feet
Audiometry
Test that measures hearing acuity at various sound frequencies
Otoscopy
Visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope
Tuning fork test
Hearing tests that use a tuning fork that is struck and then placed against or nears he bones on the side of the head to assess nerve or bone conduction of sound
Time
Evaluates bone conduction of sound in one ear at a time
Weber
Evaluates bone conduction of sound and both ears at the same time
Cataract surgery
Excision of lens affected by cataract
Phacoemulsification
Excision of the lens by ultrasonic vibrations that break the lens into tiny particles, which are suctioned out of that eye; also called small incision cataract surgery SICS
Iridectomy
Excision of a portion of the iris used to relieve intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma
Laser Iridectomy
Laser surgery that creates an opening on the rim of the iris to allow aqueous humor to flow between the anterior and posterior chambers to relieve intraocular pressure that occurs as a result of glaucoma; is replacing iridectomy because it is a safer procedure
Laser photocoagulation
Use of a laser beam to seal leaking or hemorrhaging retinal blood vessels to treat diabetic retinopathy
Cochlear implant
Electronic transmitter surgically implanted into the cochlea of a deaf person to restore hearing
Ear irrigation
Process of flushing the external ear canal with sterile water or sterile saline solution to treat blockages of a foreign body or cerumen (earwax) impaction
Myringoplasty
Surgical repair of a pearl for rated eardrum with the tissue graft to correct hearing loss; also called tympanoplasty
Myringotomy
Incision of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to relieve pressure and drain fluid from the middle ear or to insert tympanostomy tubes and that your drum via surgery
Antiglaucoma agents
Reduce intraocular pressure by decreasing the amount of aqueous humor and eyeball either by reducing its production or by increasing its outflow
Miotics
Cause the people to constrict
Mydriatics
Cause the people to dilate and prepare the Eye for an internal examination
Vertigo and motion sickness agents
Decreased sensitivity of the inner ear to motion and prevent nerve impulses from the inner ear from reaching the vomiting center of the brain
Wax emulsifiers
Loosen and help remove impacted cerumen
Open angle glaucoma
Painless but destroys peripheral vision causing tunnel vision
Closed angle glaucoma
Medical emergency; caused by an anatomically narrow angle between the iris and the cornea which prevents outflow of aqueous humor from into the lymphatic system causing a sudden increase in inter-ocular pressure.
Pressure equalizing tubes PE tubes
Plastic cylinders surgically inserted into the air drum to drain fluid and equalize pressure between the middle and outer ear; most commonly used in children who have reoccurring ear infections
Cataract
OK city of the lens of the eye, usually occurring as a result of aging, trauma, metabolic disease, or the adverse effects of certain medications or chemicals
Integrity of vision fn’s impact
the performance on functional activities
Vision loss is or is not a normal part of aging?
is NOT
Vision impacts the following domains
- Areas of occupation
- client factors
- performance skills
- performance patterns
- context and environment
Cornea Fn
allows light to enter the eye and begins to bend or refract the light
pupillary Fn
allow refracted light rays to enter the eye.
lens Fn
focuses light rays on the retina, accommodates for near and distance vision
macular fn
specializes in high acuity vision
retina
highly complex structure made up of rods and cones that create images
normal aging of the cornea (4)
- decrease sensitivity to touch (contact lenses)
- corneal fragility increases
- corneal curvature changes
- astigmatism increases through out life
normal aging of the pupil (2)
- shrinks in diameter
- reduction in retinal illuminance
* less light = less images
Normal aging of the lens (4)
- yellows and absorbs short wavelengths more than long
- becomes thicker with less light passes through lens
- has less elasticity
- decrease sensitivity to violet/blue at the end of the color spectrum
Age related decrease in visual changes (6)
- visual acuity
- visual field
- visual attention
- contrast sensitivity (white pill, white counter)
- dark/light adaption
- color perception
Age related increases in visual changes (4)
- susceptibility to glare
- need for light
- dry eye
- floaters (strands of protein in vitreous)
low vision - define
partial vision loss that cannot be corrected and the performance of daily tasks are impacted
Symptoms of low vision: difficuly (5)
- recognizing familiar faces
- performing taks that require close vision
- discriminating objects
- reading due to “distorted” print
- participation in tasks due to poor lighting
Cataracts- (2) ways to form
- protein clumping in the lens causing a reduction of light
2. lens of the eye slowly colors over time and the clients vision may gradually acquire a brownish shade
Cataract characteristics (6)
- development of clouding of the lens
- deficits such as a hazy/blurred vision, decreased acuity, decreased color discrimination
- increased sensitivity to glare
- poor night vision
- double vision
- frequent prescription changes with eyeglasses
Cataract Risk Factors (6)
- aging
- Long-term exposure to sunlight/UV
- smoking
- high cholesterol
- DM
- eye injury
Treatment for cataracts (1)
surgery
Glaucoma
normal fluid pressure inside the eye slowly rises leading to vision loss or even blindness. If intraocular pressure is not controlled, it can lead to damage to the optic nerve and other parts of the eye
Glaucoma characteristics (3)
- loss of peripheral vision
- narrowing of the field of vision
- loss of contrast sensitivity
Glaucoma risk factors (3)
- heredity
- ethnicity
- age
Glaucoma treatment (3)
- medication
- laser treatment
- surgery
Glaucoma looks like
a thick black circle around the outside and small field of vision in the middle
Cataracts looks like
all over blurred vision
Diabetic retinopathy
leading cause of blindness; fragile abnormal blood vessels leak blood into the center of the eye causing blurred vision. Fluid leaks into the macula causing the macula to swell and create blurred vision
Diabetic retinopathy characteristics (2)
- near vision distortion
2. visual fields blurred or obstructed
Diabetic retinopathy risk factors (1)
- diabetes
Diabetic retinopathy treatment (1)
laser treatment
Diabetic retinopathy looks like
blurred vision with dark spots in field of vision that can change as you move
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
blurs sharp, central vision, need for “straight ahead” activities such as driving, reading, sewing.
AMD deficits(6)
- blurred vision
- difficulty reading
- reduced color vision
- increased need for area lighting
- parts of letters appear missing
- straight lines appear wavy or crooked
AMD risk factors (7)
- high cholesterol
- HTN
- DM
- smoking
- impaired circulation to the retina
- excessive exposure to UV rays
- hereditary
Two types of AMD
- Wet AMD
2. Dry AMD
Wet AMD (4)
- related to abnormal growth of blood vessels under the macula
- blood vessels often leak blood and fluid
- raises the macula from its normal place in the back of the eye causing rapid damage to the macula
- sudden, severe loss of central vision
Dry AMD (4)
- breakdown of light sensitive cells in the macula
- blurred spot may be seen in the center of the clients vision
- subj. complaints may be difficulty in recognizing faces and needing more light for reading/activities
- Yellow deposits known as drusen can be detected under the retina
Early stage of Dry AMD
no symptoms/no vision loss, several small drusen
intermediate stage of Dry AMD
medium or large drusen, may see blurred spot
advanced stage of dry AMD
drusen, breakdown of light sensitive cells leading to blurred spot in the center of vision which may become bigger and darker over time
AMD looks like
dark spot in the center of field of vision, can see peripherally
Goals of OT in Low vision Rehab (4)
- maximize the remaining usable vision
- provide adaptations to improve the quality of life
- determine level of safety and need for intervention
- CANNOT restore lost sight
ADL impacted by low vision disorders (4)
- self-care skills that require visual acuity (Cataracts/AMD): makeup,dental care, nail care, shaving
- Management of medications - difficulty reading
- Eating - in advanced stages
- Safety in Fn mobility
IADL Impacted by low vision disorders (3)
- driving
- home management: cleaning, laundry, repairs…
- Money management - reading bills, handling money
Play and leisure is impacted by low vision disorders because
many people with low vision disorders are retired and fill most of their time with play/leisure activities
Social participation impacted by low vision disorders (3)
- can’t recognize faces- humiliation/embarrassment
- difficulty negotiating crowded places
- difficulty reading menus
.
Low vision disorders can cause a person (3)
- anxiety
- depression
- loss of independence
Saccades
assesses ability for sequenced rapid eye movements
OT interventions with Low Vision disorders (8)
- visual strategies: eccentric viewing
- contrast enhancement: provide high contrast between foreground and background
- lighting: increase general light
- magnification: large print, magnifiers
- sensory substitutions: use of tactile markings on pill bottles
- falls prevention: elimination of clutter, handrails, grab bars
- ADL/IADL retraining/adaptation
- Caregiver training
