FINAL EXAM - All Mental Health Flashcards
mental health - define; affects(3); determines how we (3)
emotional, psychological, and social well-beingaffects how we think, feel, and actdetermines how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices
factors that contribute to mental health (3)
- biological factors - genes2. life experiences - trauma/abuse3. family hx - mental health/substance use problems
mental health risk factors - childhood adversity (3)
- loss2. abuse and neglect3. household dysfunction
mental health risk factors - stress (2)
- adverse life events2. chronic stressors
mental health risk factors - SES (4)
- poverty2. neighborhood3. social support4. isolation
Mental Health risk factors are also risk factors for (2)
- Chronic medical disorders2. adverse health behaviors and outcomes
Adverse health behaviors and outcomes are (7)
- obesity2. sedentary lifestyle3. smoking4. self care5. symptom burden6. disability7. quality of life
Mental disorders are affected by mental health risk factors and chronic medical disorders. Mental disorders is a risk factor for (1)
adverse health behaviors and outcomes1. obesity2. sedentary lifestyle3. smoking4. self care5. symptom burden6. disability7. quality of life
What is impacted by most mental health disorders?
Sleep and Rest
Schizophrenia usually being in early adulthood. What are the symptoms (7)
- flat affect (loss of personality)2. agitation3. catatonia4. confusion5. psychosis6. unusual behavior7. withdrawal
mental health disorders co-occur with (4)
- developmental disabilities2. traumatic brain injury3. rheumatoid arthritis4. chronic pain
10 Recovery Principles for Mental Health
- Self-direction2. individualized and person centered3. empowerment4. holistic5. nonlinear6. strengths based7. peer support8. respect9. responsibility10. hope
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) - define
excessive anxiety or worrying that is hard to control more days than not
Symptoms of anxiety disorder (6)
- restlessness2. easily fatigued3. difficulty concentrating4. irritability 5. muscle tension6. sleep disturbance
GAD symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in: (3)
- social participation2. occupations3. other areas of function
GAD is NOT due to direct (3)
- psychosocial effects of substance use2. general medical conditions3. not exclusively during mood disorders
Obsessions - define
recurrent, persistent thoughts, impulses, or images; person recognizes thoughts are from their own mind and attempts to ignore or suppress
compulsions - define
repetitive behaviors or mental acts that person needs to perform in response to obsession; not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize
- Which neutralizes anxiety?2. Which causes anxiety/distressobsession or compulsion
- compulsion2. obsession
OCD causes (5)
- marked distress2. time consumption3. interference with normal routine4. interference with occupational/academic fn.5. interference with social activities
OCD is NOT due to direct (2)
- physiological effects of substance abuse2. general medical conditions
PTSD - define
exposure to traumatic event in which a person experienced, witnessed, or confronted with an event that involves actual or threatened death, serious injury, or threat to physical integrity and the response involved fear, helplessness, and horror.
PTSD events are reexperienced through (5)
- images, thoughts, or perceptions2. dreams3. acting/feeling as if the traumatic event is reoccurring4. psychological distress at exposures to cues related to the event5. physiological reactivity on exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event
According to federal classification all SMI disorders have
episodic, recurrent, or persistent features, but vary in severity and disabling effects
What is the most common occupation impacted by mental health disorders?
Sleep and Rest
Major tranquilizers can make a person sedated which then effects
occupations
What are the 5 recoveries?
- clinical - reduce, eradicate symptoms2. existential - self-efficacy, spiritual meaning3. functional - employment, education, housing4. physical - health, diet, exercise, substance abuse5. social - community integration, social support, sense of belonging, being a citizen
What (2) physical health conditions can affect mental health
diabetes - if blood sugars are uncontrolled it can affect a person mentallythyroid disease - commonly misdiagnosed
OT practitioners focus with clients that have anxiety disorder (3)
- coping strategies2. sensory integration3. Sleep hygiene
CoMorbidities with PTSD
- 80% more likely to have one other mental disorder2. Males more likely to have substance abuse disorder3. Major neurocognitive disorder
OT perspective (3)
- perform activity analysis2. work on sequencing to help the client gain control back in their life3. Always consider that certain occupations can put the client at a higher risk of PTSD symptoms
Substance use disorders - people at risk (3)
people who seek stimulicoping with stressbiological link
substance use disorder
pattern or substance use that leads to impairment or distress
Symptoms of substance use disorders (2)
- tolerance2. withdrawal3. failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school or home4. using the substance in situations that are physically hazardous5. continuing to use a substance in spite of social or interpersonal problems6. taking more of the substance than intended7. a persistent desire to cut down or unsuccessful attempts to cut down8. a great deal of time spent getting the substance, using it, or recovering from use9. giving up or cutting back on social, job, or recreational activities because of substance use10. Use, in spite of the knowledge that the substance causes physical or psychological problems11. Craving or urge to use a specific substance.
Tolerance (2)
- need more to get same effect2. get less effect from same amount
Withdrawal
- experience withdrawal symptoms2. take drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Substance use disorder OT perspective
- explore habits, rituals, routines help establish new ones that take you away from the ones that reward the substance abuse2. develop coping strategies3. Time management filled with healthy occupations
“Bottom” is usually
legal consequences have been reached
Treatment of substance use disorder
12 step programs really effective because of social support and it fills time positively
PTSD- persistent symptoms of increased arousal , two or more of the following (5)
- Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep 2. Irritability or outburst of anger 3. Difficulty concentrating 4. Hyper vigilance 5. Exaggerated startle response
PTSD - duration of the disturbance (all symptoms from all categories) last more than
1 month
Acute symptoms duration for PTSD
Less than 3 months
Chronic symptoms duration for PTSD
3 or more months
Delayed onset of symptoms for PTSD
Occurs at least 6 months after the traumatic event
Causal factors of anxiety disorder (6)
- extreme prolonged stress2. genetic factors3. Neuroanatomical factors (reduction in size of hippocampus)4. Faulty neurotransmitter communication5. Cognitive and psychological factors6. Environmental factors
Many anxiety disorders begin in ____ but can also begin in ___
childhoodadulthood
Physical symptoms of anxiety disorders (6)
- rapid heartbeat2. weakness3. nausea4. headaches5. poorer overall health6. fatigue
cognitive impairments with anxiety disorders are based on
excessive and irrational fear and/or dread
Examples of cognitive impairments associated with anxiety disorders (4)
- difficulty focusing2. difficulty following directions3. poor memory4. difficulty with processing
Psychosocial impairments associated with anxiety disorders (3)
- decreased number and/or quality of relationships2. disruption of performance in school or at work3. feeling hopeless
Comorbid conditions associated with Anxiety disorders
- depression2. eating disorders3. bipolar disorder4. sleep disorder5. substance abuse [PTSD, physical injuries or conditions (amputation) may be present]
Anxiety Disorder - Interdisciplinary interventions (2)
- medication therapy2. psychotherapy
Medication therapy is used to
control and alleviate symptoms but can NOT cure the disorder
Medications used with anxiety disorders (3)
- antidepressants = SSRIs, tricyclics, MAOIs2. Antianxiety drugs = benzo’s, azapirones3. Beta-Blockers = used to treat physical symptoms of anxiety
Psychotherapy intervention involves
talking with a trained mental health professional to discover what caused an anxiety disorder and how to deal with its symptoms
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
helps clients change their thought processes surrounding their anxiety and develop individualized skills and strategies to change the way they react in situations that are anxiety inducing
Relaxation therapy
teaches a client to develop and use strategies such as deep breathing, meditation, muscle relaxation, and visualization before or during anxiety inducing situations
OT interventinos
- modify adl, iadl, school/work tasks and/or environments to decrease triggers2. develop coping strategies3. time management and daily living routine development to increase participation in meaningful occupations4. Sleep regulation5. Sensory integration6. safe driving interventions
Clients with OCD have increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli; an OT practitioner would focus on
sensory integration
CBT sometimes results in
remission due to the decrease in symptoms
Schizoaffective disorder
Mental illness in which schizophrenia like symptoms are present for at least two weeks and are accompanied by abnormal mood pattern such as mood swings are prolong depression or mania
The cause of schizophrenia is generally attributable to these three things during brain development
Genetic, biological and environmental risk factors during brain development
Later environmental stressors such as (3) coupled with early risk factors, are more associated with the development of positive psychotic symptoms such as (2)
- Urbanicity2. Cannabis use3. Exposure to trauma1. Hallucinations 2. Delusions
Symptoms of schizophrenia include (5)
- Delusions2. Hallucinations3. Disorganize speech4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior5. Negative symptoms, for example, affective flattening, alogia, or avolition
Schizoaffective disorder include the symptoms of schizophrenia with the addition of any of the following (3)
- Major depressive episode 2. Manic episodes3. Mixed episodes of major depressive and manic episodes
Precautions for schizophrenic disorders (4)
- Suicide2. Cigarette smoking3. Cannabis use4. Weight gain
Combining what two interventions yield the most effective outcomes in I mproving clients overall functioning and quality-of-life with schizophrenia?
- Pharmacological2. Psychosocial
Side effects of medications used for treating schizophrenia are (5)
- Metabolic changes a.k.a. weight gain2. Extrapyramidal symptoms (tardive dyskinesia, a kinesics, or other movement disorders)3. sedation or drowsiness4. Cardiac effects (hypertension or hypotension)5. Anticholinergic symptoms (blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention)
Occupational therapy interventions for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder’s include (7)
- Assertive community treatment2. Peer support3. CBT4. Family based services5. social skills training6. Supported employment7. Healthy living
Assertive community treatment (ACT)
Multidisciplinary team-based approach her clients living in the community to improve their psychiatric and social functioning and quality-of-life
ACT includes
- Medicine prescriber2. shared caseload among team members3. direct service provision by team members4. a high frequency or client contact5. low client to staff ratios6. out reach to individuals in the community
What are the positive effects of ACT? (3)
- Reduced hospitalization rates and homelessness2. Improve outcomes in the areas of accommodation, employment, and client satisfaction3. Increase the likelihood of client staying in contact with mental health services
Peer support involves consumers in the
Planning, provision, and evaluation of mental health services
CBT and schizophrenia
Aims to change behavior through the collaborative identification of target problems or symptoms such as negative thought patterns and developing rational or adaptive coping responses
Family based services
Involve engaging in collaborating with clients and their family members during an acute episode and may include illness education, emotional support, and training in how to cope with illness symptoms and how to access providers during crises
Outcomes of family based services include
Decreased rate of relapse and hospitalization, increased treatment adherence, and improve social and vocational outcomes for clients
Social skills training
Uses behavioral demonstrations, role-play activities, feedback, promoting, coaching, modeling, shaping, and out of session assignments to help participants develop the skills necessary for communication, social adaption and interpersonal relationships
Social skills training improves participants knowledge
Social interaction and participation, social skills performance within the clinic, as well as broader functional outcomes regarding communication in the workplace and with healthcare professionals
Supported employment
Helps individuals obtain and retain competitive employment by individually tailoring job development and engaging the client in a wrap a job search and placement
Supported employment emphasizes
Client preference, availability of ongoing supports, and integration of locational a mental health services
Healthy living interventions typically focus on
Smoking cessation and weight and nutrition management
OT interventions are particularly helpful in preparing persons with schizophrenia or schizophrenic disorder for
Vocational pursuits
Schizophrenia
A mental illness that typically occurs in late adolescence or adulthood and may affect individuals perception and behaviors in all facets of life
major depressive disorder
mental illness characterized by depressed mood, reduced interest, sleep disturbance, decreased energy, decreased concentration, issues holding conversation, decrease paying attention, making decisions, suicidal thoughts.
bipolar disorder
severe mood swings, episodes of depression and at least of episode of mania
Mental disorders can be related to
sensory processing disorders
Recovery’s goal is to
improve health and wellness; live a self-directed life and strive to reach their full potential
Wellness is the
conscious, deliberate process that requires a person to become aware of and make choices for a more satisfying lifestyle.
Factors of wellness include (6)
- adequate sleep/rest2. good nutrition3. participation in meaningful activities4. balance of health habits5. productivity and exercise6. supportive relationships
Acute inpatient hospitalization is a multidisciplinary team that focuses on (4)
crisis stabilization patient safetystart or adjust medicationcomprehensive assessment
Acute inpatient hospitalization target population (4)
Depressionpsychosismaniaalcohol or drug toxicity
Avg. stay in Acute inpatient hospitalization
3-7days
OT’s role in Acute inpatient hospitalization (5)
- participate in therapeutic milieu2. initial functional assessment3. additional assessments as indicated4. contribute to treatment plan5. lead therapeutic groups
OT’s help design, develop and integrate application of “sensory rooms” which
calm or stimulate sensory systems that patients with SMI experience challenges with
Long-term care facilities target population
people that continue to experience severe symptoms or are considered dangerous after a short hospital stay
Avg length of stay in long-term care facilities
3 months to many years
Long-term care facilities focus of intervention (3)
- secure placement2. rehabilitation3. community reintegration when possible
OT’s role in long-term care facilities (3)
- assessments2. group and individual sessions3. community transition programs such as supported education and employment programs
Partial Hospitalization Programs (PHP) focus on
diverting persons from hospitalization. Intermediary step toward living after an acute inpatient course of treatment.
Intensive outpatient programs (IOP) is for people who are
functioning adequately in one or more of their occupational roles but need more support or therapy than traditional out-patient treatment
PHP and IOPs length of stay
2-6 weeks
PHP and IOP focus of intervention (3)
- improve functional skills2. resolve precipitants to recent hospitalization3. refer to community resources
OT’s Role in PHP and IOP settings (5)
- individual assessment and interventions2. therapeutic groups3. case management4. community reintegration5. Teach coping, stress management and community living skills
Supported housing target population.
people with serious mental illness who need ongoing support to maintain community living
Supported housing services include (6)
crisis interventionmedication monitoring supportwellness promotiontransportationassistance with ADLslinkage to education and employment opportunities
OT’s role in supported housing (4)
- Helping client secure and maintain permanent housing through skill building2. Case management3. Assessment of functional strengths and limitations4. Implementing of environmental modifications as needed
Supported education target population
People with serious mental illness you need ongoing support to maintain community living
Supported education services focus on (5)
- Career counseling and planning2. Teaching coping and skills management of stressors and symptoms 3. Provide assistance in locating and accessing resources4. Develop time and stress management skills5. Referral and coordination with campus services
OT’s role in supported education
- Assisting clients to identify educational skills and interests2. Help entering the educational setting3. Referral to additional resources such as financial aid and tutoring.4. Help students overcome challenges of stress and symptom management5. Apply for reasonable accommodations
Individual placement and support IPS model
Evidence based approach to vocational rehabilitation for people with psychiatric disabilities
Supported employments target population
People with serious mental illness who need ongoing support support to maintain community living
OTs role in supported employment
Work on the IPS team as an employment specialist, job coach and job developer using the knowledge of task analysis, grading of tasks, and modifying the work environment to help achieve success
Principles for individual placement and support
- Zero exclusions- everyone is eligible 2. Competitive employment 3. Client choice in all aspects of selecting , finding, and maintaining employment4. Job development using a professional approach 5. Rapid job search and on the job training 6. Service integration 7. Follow along support for as long as needed
Peer-operated services target population
People with serious mental illness who need ongoing support to maintain community living
Peer support program focus of intervention (2)
- Ongoing support to maintain community living 2. assistance with jobs, housing, social skills, leisure activities, and life management skills
OTs role in peer support programs (6)
- Wellness and recovery planning tools 2. Skill building 3. Case management 4. Therapy group leadership 5. Staff training 6.Social, educational, or recreational groups
Clubhouse programs
Drop-in centers developed and run by people with psychiatric disabilities that offer social, educational, and recreational opportunities
What are the two most common mood disorders?
- Depression 2. Bipolar disorder
Depression
A mood disorder that affects one’s thoughts, mood, feelings, behavior, and physical health
What are the two most common forms of depression?
- Major depression 2. Dysthymia
What are the less common forms of depression? (3)
- Seasonal affective disorder2. Psychotic depression3. Postpartum depression
Major depression interferes with
Daily activities
Dysthymia lasts ____ ____ ___ ____ with less severe symptoms
2 years or longer
Bipolar disorder is also known as
Manic depressive illness
Bipolar I symptoms
Symptoms of major depression coupled with occurrences of full-blown mania or mixed
What is the most common mental disorder that affects adult Americans?
Depression
The exact cause of depression is unknown, but is likely results from a combination of(4)
- Genetic2. Biochemical3. Environmental4. Psychological
What type of situations may trigger a depressive episode?(2)
- Trauma2. Stressful
Research indicates that bipolar is
Genetic
Research indicates that two factors can influence the expression of the gene for bipolar disorder. what are the two factors?
- Environmental2. Bio chemical factors
Onset of depression typically occurs between the ages_____. But can occur at any point throughout the life course
15 and 30
Symptom related criteria for depression include(8)
- Prolonged sadness2. Insomnia or hypersomnia3. Weight loss or gain4. Changes in appetite5. Inability to concentrate6. Inability to take pleasure in former interest7. Social withdrawal8. Suicidal ideation
Bipolar disorder often occurs in a person’s (age)
Late teens or early adult years at least half cases being before age 25
Bipolar disorder last
A lifetime with alternating episodes of mania and depression reoccurring throughout the life course
Symptoms related to criteria for episodes of mania include (6)
- Increased physical and mental activity and energy2. Exaggerated optimism and self-confidence3. Decreased need for sleep4. Grandiose thoughts5. Impulsive behavior and poor judgment6. Delusions or hallucinations
Depression usually occurs with
- Heart disease 2. stroke 3. diabetes 4. cancer 5. Parkinson’s disease 6. other serious illnesses that may preceed depression cause it or are consequences of it
People with depression and bipolar usually also have
Substance abuse and anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder
People with bipolar disorder are also at a higher risk for(4)
- Heart disease2. diabetes3. obesity4. other physical illnesses
Individuals with bipolar disorders are at a high risk for(3)
- Harming themselves 2. suicidal ideation’s3. substance abuse
Primary risk factor for suicide
A mood disorder combined with substance abuse
Substance abuse increases the risk of
developing depression
Depression is often treated with which medications?
SSRIsTricyclic in tetracyclic antidepressantsMAOIsSNRIs
Bipolars often treated with which medications?
Antidepressants mood stabilizers antipsychotics; such as lithium, Risderal, and Seroquel
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Focuses directly on changing beliefs and psychoeducation when combining with pharmacological treatment may be beneficial and treating the disorders
CBT helps clients change
Negative styles of thinking and behavior is often associated with depression or depressive symptoms
Psychoeducation as part of a multicomponent approach can be effective in
Preventing relapse and hospitalization and increasing awareness of the illness and symptoms
Psychoeducation treatment includes
Teaching individuals with bipolar and depression along with their family members or caregivers about the illness and how it is treated as well as how to recognize symptoms and identify triggers
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
A psychiatric treatment in which electric currents sent through the brain induce seizures, often showing an immediate improvement in symptoms
ECT is used to treat people with
Severe depression or acute mania
Occupational therapy intervention for clients with mood disorders in the area of ADLs or I ADLs (6)
- Establishment of routines or skills training for activities of daily living including grooming, dressing and hygiene2. Management of medication routines3. Management of finances4. Community mobility and safety, such as accessing public and knowing when to ask for help5. Establishment or reestablishment of normal routines6. Psychoeducation concerning symptoms and triggers
Occupatinal therapy interventions for clients with disorders in the area of social participation and leisure (3)
- Assistance an exploration of new leisure interests2. Encourage her self exploration and self-expression3. Integration or reintegration into the community or social group
Occupational therapy interventions for clients with mood disorders in the area of work in education (4)
- Referral to work programs, such as supported employment programs2. Exploration of locations based on skills, limitations, and interests3. Stress and time management skills4. Instruction on realistic goal setting
What is the most effective therapeutic value to treat depression?
CBT
What modality reduces negative thinking associated with depression lesson symptoms and decreases the chance of relapse?
CBT
CBT is a valuable tool for
Increasing self-control and increasing the amount of time between episodes for people with bipolar disorder
CBT when combined with mood stabilizers results in
Who are bipolar episodes, fewer hospital admissions, better coping with manic symptoms, and higher functioning
Participation in what, are valuable tools for immediately decreasing symptoms of depression? (3)
- Valued leisure activities2. Physical exercise 3. Meditation
People with no disorders often experience high rates of
Unemployment even though they desire to work
Occupational therapist have the skill to assist
- Job placement 2. job training 3. supported employment for individuals with mental disorders
Mood disorder
A group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a pervasive disturbance of mood that is not due to medication, substance abuse, or other psychiatric conditions
what is dysthymia
persistent mild depression
Illicit drugs include(5)
- Marijuana2. Cocaine3. Heroin4. Hallucinogens5. Inhalants
Psychotherapeutic use refers to the nonmedical use of
- Pain relievers2. Tranquilizers3. Stimulants4. Sedatives
Substance dependent individuals have the strong desire to continue using the substance regardless of (5)
- negative consequences2. difficulty in controlling use3. increased tolerance4. prioritizing the substance5. experiencing a physical withdrawal from the substance
Substance abuse does not
Reach the point of increased tolerance or withdrawal symptoms; yet the individual does experience negative consequences and continues to use
Exact cause of substance use disorders is unknown however the following factors can all contribute (8)
- Genetics2. The preferred drug3. Temperament4. Socio-cultural influences5. Emotional distress6. Anxiety7. Depression8. Environmental factors
Substance use often co-occurs with
Mental health conditions
There is no cure for substance use disorder individuals may go through
Intermittent periods of sobriety, remission and a relapse
Relapse depends on many variables including but not limited to(6)
- Substance abused2. Severity of addiction3. Length of treatment4. Gender5. Readiness for change6. Environmental and societal factors
Stages of substance use (4)
1.experimental use2. regular use3.daily preoccupation4. Dependence
Experimental use is typically done
Recreationally with peers
Regular use is when
The user may increasingly prioritize the substance over other things, isolate themselves, or show increased tolerance to the substance
Daily preoccupation occurs when
The user loses all motivation for other things besides the substance; they may experience behavior or relationship changes and may start using more dangerous substances
Dependence is when
The user cannot face his or her daily life without drugs or loses control over use
Cognition symptoms of substance abuse (3)
- Confusion2. Distorted perception3. Decrease emotional regulation
Personality symptoms of substance abuse
Violent or hostile when confronted about substance use
Behavior symptoms of substance abuse
Continuation of drugs despite negative consequences, lack of control
Performance pattern symptoms of substance abuse (5)
1.missing work 2. Missing school3.changes and eating or sleeping4.unkept in self-care5. Lack of enjoyment in activities
Withdrawal symptoms include (9)
- Headache2. Nausea3. Anxiety4. Agitation5. Insomnia6. Rapid heart rate7. Fever8. Convulsions 9. Hallucinations
Withdrawal symptoms exhibit the overactivity of the
Autonomic nervous system
Heavy substance abuse is linked to serious medical conditions such as (4)
- Heart disease2. Cancer3. HIV/AIDS4. Mental illness
Substance abuse could lead to the following complications (8)
- Internal organ damage2. Lung and heart disease3. Decreased immune system4. Cognitive functioning impairments5.psychosocial functioning impairments6. Respiratory depression7.sexually-transmitted diseases 8.bacterial endocarditis, blood clots, pulmonary embolus, and many other issues
The most effective treatment for substance related disorders is a dual approach of both
Pharmaceutical and psychosocial interventions
Aftercare, outpatient facilities and support groups are key factors in preventing
Relapse
Occupational therapy must recognize and respect the individuals (2)
Stage of recovery and clients particular needs
OT intervention goes with clients that have substance use disorders may include (7)
1.improving health habits and routines2. Self care3. Developing skills and self-regulation and impulse control4. Experiencing group participation5. Learning communication strategies6. Preparing for a vocational role 7. Education
OT’s will educate recovering users about (8)
- Job2. Leisure3. Life management4. Coping5. Social skills6. Life roles7.identity8. Community resources
Types of occupational therapy intervention (5)
- Brief intervention2. Motivational Techniques 3.12-step facilitation 4. CBT5. Harm reduction model
Brief intervention is
One or several sessions providing the client with screening education about the risks of substance abuse and coping strategies, group therapy sessions, goal setting, referral; encouragement to change; and participation and meaningful, healthy activities
CBT emphasizes in substance abuse
The development of coping behaviors and self efficacy to change what a person thinks and does when regarding substance abuse; connect to relapse prevention
12-step facilitation
Social and spiritual support groups encourage maintenance of abstinence
What is occupational therapy’s role in 12-step facilitation?
Help the individual find support groups in their area and incorporate them into his or her schedule
Substance use disorders
The harmful and hazardous use of psychoactive substances, which include alcohol, illicit drugs, and psychotherapeutics
