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OCTH 1031 > Aging Process and Associated Conditions (Week 2) > Flashcards

Aging Process and Associated Conditions (Week 2) Flashcards

1
Q

circadian rhythm

A

physical, mental, health behaviors that follow 24hr cycle - responding primarily to light and darkness

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2
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

controls the internal clock by starting the release of hormone melatonin in the evening and cortisol in the morning

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3
Q

Melatonin

A

health-promoting functions - low melatonin is a sign that the SCN is dysfunctioning; can lead to illnesses including cancer diabetes and heart disease

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4
Q

rods and cones

A

photoreceptors in the eyes that provide concious vision

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5
Q

retinal ganglion cells

A

photoreceptors the communicate directly with the brain and are responsive to the blue part of light

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6
Q

Younger population exposed to blue light experience (3)

A
  1. increased alertness
  2. decreased sleepiness
  3. improved mood
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7
Q

cataract surgery

A

removes the clouded lenses and implants clear intraocular lenses

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8
Q

Post cataract surgery changes(3)

A

decreased insomnia
decreased daytime sleepiness
improved reaction time

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9
Q

macular degeneration

A

age-related eye disease that causes vision loss

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10
Q

Majority of older adults are

A

female

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11
Q

Men are married longer because

A

men die earlier than women leaving them widowers

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12
Q

Highest cause of death

A

heart disease

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13
Q

young old

A

65-74

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14
Q

old

A

75-84

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15
Q

old-old

A

85-99

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16
Q

oldest-old

A

100+

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17
Q

sandwich generation

A

adults in their 30s and 40s raising their kids and taking care of their parents

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18
Q

Annual cost of physical frailty

A

$54-80 Billion and rising

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19
Q

morbidity

A

absence of health - disease

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20
Q

co-morbidities

A

more than one disease that affects each other ex - COPD and CHF or Diabetes and heart disease

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21
Q

older adults function representing more than the loss of the physiological system

A

Continue occupations by adapting to the loss

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22
Q

older adults function representing less than the loss of the physiological system

A

Stops occupations and activities causing more comorbidities

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23
Q

Hayflick Limit Theory

A

cells stop reproducing at a certain age and organs start dying at a genetically programmed time

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24
Q

Damage Inflicted Model

A

the body accumulates all the damage done to it through the years and can no longer repair; loss of function and system failure (non-genetic)

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25
Q

Sarcopenia(4)

A
  1. decrease in the number of muscle fibers and decrease in the size of muscle fibers = Muscle wasting
  2. Decrease in firing rates
  3. Decrease in power
  4. Increase time in contracting
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26
Q

Which hormones impact muscle contraction?

A

GH
DHEA
Testosterone

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27
Q

Muscle power

A

the ability to contract and move quickly

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28
Q

How do we counter sarcopenia?

A

resistive exercises

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29
Q

Loss of number of muscle fibers means that we can’t _____

A

grow muscle (look decreased; normal part of aging)

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30
Q

After 40yrs old our bones change by _______

A

increased absorption compared to laying down

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31
Q

compact (cortical) bone

A

hard skeleton

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32
Q

cancellous (trabecular) bone

A

fibrous strands at ends of bones

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33
Q

Who loses more bone mass?

A

Women 1%/yr (men .5%/yr)

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34
Q

What increases the process that deteriorates bone while impairing cells that manufacture bone?

A

Menopause

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35
Q

Interventions for bone loss (3)

A
  1. calcium supplementation
  2. medication
  3. weight-bearing activities
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36
Q

Osteopenia bone mineral density = _______

A

-1.0 to -2.5 (on it’s way to osteoporosis

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37
Q

Osteoporosis bone mineral density = __________

A

> 2.5

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38
Q

osteomalacia

A

pathologically unable to lay down new bone

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39
Q

Ways to prevent osteopenia (3)

A

healthy lifestyle
WB physical activity
healthy eating

40
Q

connective tissues (5)

A

ligaments, joint capsules, tendons, intramuscular connective tissue, cartilage

41
Q

Biochemical changes in connective tissue (2)

A
  1. increase in amnt and diameter of collagen

2. decrease in water, elastin, and proteoglycan content

42
Q

what happens to connective tissue as it ages ? (2)

A

becomes stiffer and loses tensile strength

causes fibrillation of articular cartilage

43
Q

Increased collagen = ________

A

increased stiffness

44
Q

How do we counter aging of connective tissue?

A

Flexibility excersises

45
Q

Aging changes of the Heart (5)

A
  1. increase left ventricular wall thickness
  2. increase in arterial thickness and stiffness
  3. valves become thickened (heart murmur)
  4. Decreased max. HR
  5. Increase in SBP, DBP stays consistent
46
Q

How do we counter aging of the heart? (2)

A
  1. physical activity

2. proper diet

47
Q

What causes the slightly elevated HR and BP in the again heart?

A

Thickening of the valves

48
Q

220-your age =

A

the HR needed to be reached during physical activity for healthy heart

49
Q

Aging change in the vascular system

A

Connective tissue of the vascular system stiffens and thickens affecting the baroreceptors causing change in the vascular system and change in blood flow

50
Q

orthostatic hypotension

  1. How much does it change
  2. Occurs in what age range?
  3. Symptoms
  4. Always consider ________
A
  1. SBP drops 20 mmHG
  2. occurs in 30-50% >75yrs of age
  3. Dizziness, confusion, weakness, fainting
  4. always consider drug-induced side effects
51
Q

treatment of orthostatic hypotension (2)

A

deep breathing

wait

52
Q

50% of older adults have some degree of _________

A

heart disease

53
Q

Cardiac-Vascular Pathology (3)

A
  1. Arteriosclerosis
  2. Coronary heart disease (CHD)
  3. Coronary artery disease (CAD)
54
Q

As an occupational therapist when changing a warm up routine you should_________

A

check clients vitals before and after

55
Q

Aging of lungs(4)

A

The change in connective tissue decreases lung elasticity and thoracic expansion.
Muscles less effective
Decreased vital capacity
Increased residual volume

56
Q

Aging of olfaction

A

decrease in sense of smell

57
Q

Aging of Gustation(3)

A

Decrease in # of taste buds
Decreased # of neurons in taste center of the brain
Alteration in taste cell membranes

58
Q

Aging of Ingestion (3)

A

Psychological stress, food preparation
Decreased fluid intake
Dentition

59
Q

Changes in connective tissue causes changes in ______

A

Body composition

60
Q

Aging Digestion and absorption (3)

A
  1. decreased secretion of digestive enzymes
  2. hepatic and biliary insufficiency
  3. atrophy of intestinal mucosa & musculature
61
Q

Aging Metabolism (4)

A
  1. impaired glucose use
  2. decrease renal function
  3. changes in mineral & vitamin metabolism
  4. decline in BMR
62
Q

Metabolism decreased by 2%/decade after age ____

63
Q

Weight loss of aging adults is due to (3)

A
  1. decreased H2O
  2. Decreased appetite
  3. Decrease in muscle mass
64
Q

Decreased muscle mass leads to an increase in ______

65
Q

Aging Endocrine System (4)

A
  1. decrease in glucose tolerance causes an increase in insulin response
  2. Gradual decrease in the release of thyroid hormones =decrease in basal metabolic rate
  3. Decrease in GH, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
  4. decrease in melatonin
66
Q

Normal aging puts us a higher risk for _____

67
Q

We can counter the decrease in our basal metabolic rate by _______

A

increasing physical activity

68
Q

Melatonin decreases significantly after age ____

69
Q

Older Adult sleep patterns(3)

A
  1. Decreased length of sleep
  2. Change in sleep stage patterns
  3. Decreased sleep quality
70
Q

Aging Genitourinary system (6)

A
  1. decrease in # and size of nephrons
  2. decrease in kidney mass
  3. Reduced bladder elasticity (connective tissue), muscle tone, and capacity
  4. increased evening output
  5. Decrease in sphincter control
  6. Urethra shortens and its lining becomes thinner
71
Q

Decrease in kidney mass means the kidney is ______

A

less able to concentrate urine and clear drugs

72
Q

sensation

A

the neural activity triggered by a stimulus that activates a sensory receptor and results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain

73
Q

perception

A

the multi-stage process that takes place in the brain and includes selecting, processing, organizing and integrating information received from the senses

74
Q

myopia

A

near-sighted

75
Q

hyperopia

A

far-sighted

76
Q

visual acuity

A

sharpness of sight

77
Q

accommodation

A

a process by which the eye adjusts and is able to focus

78
Q

presbyopia

A

decline in accomodation

79
Q

Causes of the decline in acuity (3)

A
  1. cornes and lense thicken
  2. decrease in iris and pupil functioning
  3. need more light for reading and to detect objects
80
Q

The decrease in dark adaption, contrast sensitivity and color vision is due to

A

changes in retina and a loss of photoreceptors

81
Q

VER

A

visual evoked response

82
Q

Slowness in VER due to (2)

A
  1. decrease in # of axons in the optic nerve

2. processing changes in the occipital cortex

83
Q

decrease in ocular motor functions (3)

A
  1. compromised convergence
  2. Restricted upward gaze
  3. reduce smooth pursuit
84
Q

Cataracts

A

a cloudiness or opacity in the normally transparent crystalline lens of the eye. This cloudiness can cause a decrease in vision and may lead to eventual blindness.

85
Q

Cataracts can be

86
Q

Menopauses impact on bones

A
  • decrease in estrogen = decrease in absorption of calcium

- increases the process that deteriorates bone while impairing cells that manufacture bone

87
Q

Changes in a Women’s Genitourinary System (3)

A
  1. Vaginal walls become less elastic and thinner
  2. Vagina becomes shorter & secretions become scanty & watery
  3. Atrophy or the external genital tissue
88
Q

Changes in Men’s Genitourinary System (3)

A
  1. Testicular tissue mass decreases
  2. Sperm cell production slows
  3. Prostate gland enlarges and is replaced by fibrotic tissue
89
Q

Signs of visual aging (4)

A
  1. squinting
  2. unusual head movements to align gaze
  3. closing one eye
  4. decreased coordination or abnormal reaching
90
Q

The aging Auditory system causes functional impairment by what age?

91
Q

Conductive Hearing Loss

A

occurs when there is a problem conducting sound waves anywhere along the route through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum), or middle ear (ossicles)

92
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)

A

type of hearing loss, or deafness, in which the root cause lies in the inner ear (cochlear), vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), or central processing centers of the brain

93
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

age-related progression of hearing

94
Q

What are the signs of presbycusis? (3)

A
  1. loss of hair cells in organ of Corti.
  2. degenerative changes of cochlea nerve fiber
  3. Trophic changes of cochlea nerve fibers
95
Q

Normal aging changes for the auditory system are (6)

A
  1. Functional impairment beyond 70
  2. Conductive hearing loss
  3. Sensorineural hearing loss
  4. Presbycusis
  5. Decrease in frequency sensitivity
  6. Information processing

OCTH 1031 (22 decks)

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