Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OCTH 1031 > FINAL EXAM - Cancer > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM - Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

cancer

A

group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The four categories of Cancer

A
  1. carcinomas
  2. leukemias
  3. sarcomas
  4. lymphomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Carcinomas begin in the

A

the body’s organs (including skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

leukemias begin in

A

blood-forming tissues (e.g. bone marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sarcomas begin in

A

connective tissue (e.g. bone, fat, muscle, or cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lymphomas begin in the

A

lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The most common forms of cancer (5)

A
  1. breast
  2. lung
  3. prostate
  4. bronchus
  5. colorectal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

in most cancers, except for leukemia, the cancerous cells form a

A

tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

To diagnose cancer, physicians may use (4)

A
  1. CT scans
  2. xrays
  3. mammograms
  4. lab tests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Etiology of Cancer

A

the uncontrolled growth of mutated cells which can be caused by internal/external factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Internal factors that cause cancer (4) can not be controlled!

A
  1. genetics (inherited cell mutations)
  2. immunological conditions
  3. cell mutations produced bia metabolism
  4. hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

External factors that cause cancer (7)

80% of cancer cases in US

A
  1. tobacco use
  2. exposure to radiation (including sun exposure)
  3. poor nutrition
  4. physical inactivity
  5. certain infectious agents
  6. certain medical treatments
  7. exposure to carcinogens via pollution, employment ……
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cancers caused by external factors can be

A

prevented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the TNM system? Which cancers do not use this system(3)?

A 
common method of staging cancer; T-extent of the primary tumor, N - extent of spread to the lymph nodes, M - presence of distant metastasis.
Not used for :
Nervous system cancers
lymphomas
leukemias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Extent of the primary tumor classification (4)

A
  1. TX
  2. T0
  3. Tis
  4. T1, T2, T3, T4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TX (tumor)

A

primary tumor cannot be evaluated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T0

A

no evidence of primary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tis

A

carcinoma in situ - tumor is still confined to the site it started (early cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T1, T2, T3, T4 refers to

A

size and or extent of the primary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Extent of spread to lymph nodes classification (3)

A
  1. NX
  2. N0
  3. N1, N2, N3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

NX

A

regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

N0

A

no regional lymph node involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

N1, N2, N3

A

involvement of regional lymph nodes (number of lymph nodes and/or extent of spread)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Presence of distant metastasis classification (3)

A
  1. MX
  2. M0
  3. M1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

MX

A

distant metastasis cannot be evaluated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

M0

A

no distant metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

M1

A

distant metastasis is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stage 0

A

cancer in situ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stage 1, Stage II, Stage III

A

Higher number indicates more extensive disease; larger tumor size and/or spread of the cancer beyond the organ/site in which it first developed to nearby lymph nodes and /or organs adjacent to the location of the primary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Stage IV

A

the cancer has spread to another organ(s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Regular screenings are recommended because some forms of cancer do not have

A

early symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

General symptoms of cancer (5)

A
  1. unexplained weight loss of 10lbs or more
  2. fever
  3. fatigue
  4. pain
  5. skin changes (color change, itching, excessive hair growth)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Signs and symptoms that may indicate a specific form of cancer (8)

A
  1. change in bowel habits or bladder function
  2. sores that do not heal
  3. white patches inside the mouth or white spots on the tongue
  4. unusual bleeding or discharge
  5. thickening or lump in the breast or other parts of the body
  6. indigestion or trouble swallowing
  7. recent change in wart or mole or any new skin change
  8. nagging cough or hoarseness
34
Q

Treatment of cancer may cause exacerbation of cancer symptoms and/or additional symptoms such as (8)

A
  1. cognitive difficulties
  2. decreased immunity
    3 gastrointestinal problems
  3. edema/lymphedema
  4. sleep disturbances
  5. hormonal imbalances
  6. difficulty breathing
  7. nervous and musculoskeletal difficulties
35
Q

hormonal imbalance can lead to (2, etc.)

A
  1. menopause

2. sexual problems

36
Q

Gastrointestinal problems include (3)

A
  1. appetite changes
  2. nausea or vomiting
  3. diarrhea or constipation
37
Q

nervous and musculoskeletal problems include

A
  1. tremors
  2. pain
  3. weakness
  4. decreased ROM
  5. hearing loss
38
Q

Symptoms of cancer most often result in a decrease in (2)

A
  1. functional capacities and abilities

2. individual’s occupational participation

39
Q

Reaction to cancer diagnosis, decreased Fn and/or side effect/ result of treatment can also effect an individual

A

psychosocially

40
Q

Primary treatment options for cancer (8)

A
  1. surgery
  2. chemotherapy
  3. radiation
  4. targeted therapy
  5. biological therapy/immunotherapy
  6. hyperthermia
  7. photodynamic therapy
  8. hormone therapy
41
Q

Palliative Care treatments (7)

A
  1. pain medication
  2. respiratory therapy
  3. audiology
  4. physical therapy
  5. nutrition and dietary recommendations
  6. complementary and alternative medicines
  7. social work
42
Q

chemotherapy

A

the use of medicine or drugs that destroy cancer cells

43
Q

radiation

A

the use of high-powered energy beams to damage or kill cancer cells

44
Q

targeted therapy

A

use of drugs or other substances that directly block the growth and spread of cancerous cells

45
Q

biological therapy/immunotherapy

A

techniques to boos the immune system’s response to cancer cells

46
Q

hyperthermia

A

the use of high temperatures to destroy cancer cells

47
Q

stem cell/bone marrow transplant

A

often used to replenish the body’s supply of healthy cells after/or before chemotherapy or radiation treatment

48
Q

photodynamic therapy (PDT)

A

the use of drugs and light to destroy cancer cells

49
Q

hormone therapy

A

removal of hormones that fuel certain kinds of cancer (prostate and breast cancer)

50
Q

Client factor assessments for patients with cancer (8)

A
  1. MD Anderson Symptom inventory
  2. brief fatigue inventory
  3. beck depression inventory -II
  4. Allen cognitive level screen-fifth version
  5. ROM
  6. Measures of pain
  7. Measures of Edema
  8. Measures of muscle strength
51
Q

occupational therapy interventions will vary depending on the clients (4)

A
  1. individuals needs and desires
  2. form and stage of cancer
  3. symptoms
  4. treatment already received
52
Q

Interventions for cancer may include (7)

A
  1. retraining in ADLS
  2. environmental assessment to determine fall risk
  3. cognitive retraining
  4. developing coping strategies to address psychosocial and physical symptoms/effects
  5. lifestyle modification
  6. recommendations or support groups
  7. Consultation at end of life
53
Q

Retraining in ADLs would focus on (3)

A
  1. environmental/task modification
  2. assistive technology
  3. suggestions to maintain satisfaction in sexual activity despite hormonal imbalances
54
Q

Coping strategies(3)

A
  1. pain/edema management
  2. sleep regulation techniques
  3. energy conservation techniques to minimize fatigue when performing activities
55
Q

energy conservation techniques include (3)

A
  1. relaxation techniques
  2. meaningful participation in exercise
  3. time management skills to balance appointments and necessary activities with leisure, play, and social participation
56
Q

Lifestyle modifications

A

identify new or alternate occupations that allow client to participate satisfactorily; may include employment

57
Q

Consulation at the end of life regards strategies for (2)

A
  1. maintaining productivity
  2. finding closure in life and personal relationships

and so forth….

58
Q

the most commonly used interventions for clients with cancer address

A

occupational domains of leisure and productive occupations (IADL/Work…) and involve energy conservation and goal setting.

59
Q

Breast cancer recovery program was shown to safely decrease _____ while _______

A

lymphedema while improving participant quality of life and mood

60
Q

Clients with cancer have reported that the (2) associated with cancer impact their (2)

A
  1. fatigues
  2. psychological stress
  3. lives
  4. ability to maintain life roles
61
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that appear normal under a microscope; can be part of inflammatory process, not necessarily cancer

62
Q

dysplasia

A

cells look abnormal under a microscope; extra build up of cells that look disorganized. Tends to become cancer cells

63
Q

benign tumors

A

do not spread into or invade nearby tissues; less risk.

64
Q

malignant tumors

A

spread into or invade nearby tissues

65
Q

How does cancer metastasize?

A

cancer cells break away from primary tumor, travel through the blood or lymph system and form new tumors in other areas.

66
Q

debulking

A

when tumor is wrapped around vital organs; surgery is done to remove some of the tumor for pain relief.
Increase quality of life not quantity

67
Q

palliation

A

cancer surgery to help relieve pain and restore physical fn. Increase quality of life not quantity

68
Q

Chemotherapy increases the risk for

A

infection

69
Q

neutropenic precautions

A

used to prevent infection in someone with low neutrophil count.
client is protected from others and the environment through negative pressure room. Only clean air enters the room. and the client wears a face mask.

70
Q

Goal of chemotherapy

A

get rid of all of the cancer and keep it from coming back

71
Q

goal of palliative chemotherapy

A

delay cancer growth to increase the quality of life

72
Q

purpose of neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

help shrink the size of a tumor prior to surgical excision

73
Q

Chemotherapy impact on body structures and functions (14)

A
  1. anemia
  2. appetite loss
  3. attention, thinking or memory problems (Chemo brain)
  4. difficulty swallowing or dysphagia
  5. dry mouth or xerostomia
  6. fatigue
  7. fluid in the abdomen - ascites
  8. hair loss - alopecia
  9. lymphedema
  10. menopausal symptoms in women
  11. mouth sores - mucositis
  12. nausea and vomiting
  13. neutropenia
  14. peripheral neuropathy
74
Q

chemobrain

A

side effect of chemotherapy that can have a life long effect, later in life needs to be considered, is it residual chemobrain or is it dementia

75
Q

Two things that can cause xerostomia

A

location of tumor

medication side effect

76
Q

Ascites

A

fluid in the abdomen that causes pressure on the organs

77
Q

Menopausal symptoms can be caused because of (2)

A

the chemotherapy

reproductive organ removal

78
Q

brachytherapy

A

internal radiation therapy ; placed in the body near the cancer cells

79
Q

systemic radiation therapy

A

radioactive substances (iodine) travels in the blood to kill cancer cells

80
Q

free radicals

A

charged particles within the cells that damage the dna; caused by radiation

81
Q

Radiation therapy impact on body structures and functions ( 12 )

A
  1. fatigue
  2. nausea with or without vomiting
  3. fibrosis (scar tissue)
  4. limited movement due to scar tissue
  5. damage to bowels
  6. diarrhea
  7. intestinal bleeding
  8. memory loss
  9. infertility
  10. second cancer from radiation exposure (Rare)
  11. skin slough (due to sunburn effect)
  12. pain

OCTH 1031 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions