Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OCTH 1031 > FINAL EXAM - All Conditions of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM - All Conditions of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

nasal cavity Fn

A

sticky mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity traps dust particles, and tiny hairs called cilia help move them to the nose to be sneezed or blown out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sinuses Fn

A

these air-filled spaces along side the nose help make the skull lighter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pharynx fn

A

both food and air pass through the pharynx before reaching their appropriate destinations. the pharynx also plays a role in speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

larynx

A

essential to human speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

traches fn

A

located just below the larynx, the trachea is the main airway to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lungs Fn

A

together the lungs form on of the body’s largest organs. they’re responsible for providing oxygen to capillaries and exhaling co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bronchi fn

A

for the trachea into each lung and create the network of intricate passages that supply the lungs with air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

diaphragm fn

A

the diaphragm is the main respiratory muscle that contracts and relaxes to allow air into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

normal Respiratory rate (RR)

A

12-15 minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Heart Rate (P) (4)1. rate2. feel for how long3. if irregular count for how long4. if it’s low ask client what?

A
  1. 60-1002. feel for 15sec. x43. if irregular count for 1 min. 4. low rate - ask if client feels light headed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Metabolic Equivalent of task (MET)

A

amount of energy used by the body to perform a physical activity or daily task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

at rest what is the average oxygen consumption MET?

A

1 MET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

With more activity MET values

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tachycardia(3)1. what is the heart rate2. what is it not always?3. what do you ask the client?

A
  1. heart rate > 100 bpm2. not always pathological (side effect)3. Ask if they’re light headed/ dizzy and if they sit down does it go away
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

tachypnea (2)1. what is the RR2. What is a normal RR

A

respiratory rate > 20/minutenormal rate is 8-12/minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

wheeze

A

airway is constrictedcontinuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the airways during breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If there is no sound when listening to lungs it means

A

air is not moving around; not good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

rales

A

sounds like bubble wrap; avioli popping due to filled with secretions; clicking, rattling, or crackling noises that may be made by one or both lungs during inalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rhonchi

A

wheezing then cough and sound is gone; due to mucous moving around.coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretion in bronchial airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Signs of CAP (3)

A
  1. tachycardia/tachypnea2. dullness to percussion with consolidation/effusion3. exam alone cannot confirm/exclude diagnosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Symptoms of CAP (5)

A
  1. altered breath sounds/rales2. rigor/sweats3. fever/hypothermia4. dyspnea5. new cough (+/- sputum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

rigor

A

shaking chills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CAP prognosis

A

can take weeks to return to baseline functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Signs of Nosocomial pneumonia (HCAP) (2)

A
  1. altered breath sounds/rales2. dullness to percussion with effusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Symptoms of HCAP (4)

A
  1. fever/hypothermia2. rigor/sweats3. dyspnea4. new cough (+/- sputum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

OT intervention recommendations (4)

A
  1. encourage coughing2. sitting/walking is good and can speed recovery3. walking prevents blood clots4. recovery can take several weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Atropy

A

tendency to be hypoallergic is the strongest identifiable factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Atopic “triad” (3)

A
  1. wheeze2. eczema3. seasonal rhinitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Asthma’s impact on structure of the respiratory system (4)

A
  1. narrowed airway (limited airflow)2. tightened muscles- constrict airway3. inflamed/thickened airway wall 4. mucus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Asthma symptoms (5)

A
  1. breathlessness2. cough3. wheeze prolonged expiration4. episodic/chronic symptoms of airway obstruction5. 1/3 of children have no wheeze
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

asthma general management (4)

A
  1. remove irritants2. peak flow measurements3. desensitization4. oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Asthma pharmacological management (3)

A
  1. quick relief meds (beta 2 agonists - albuterol)2. long term control - steroid3. medication side effects-Tachycardia or increased RR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

asthma OT activity recommendation (3)

A
  1. avoid triggers such as cold air2. control symptoms first before activity3. activities with short bursts are better tolerated to build up conditioning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

emphysema clinical findings (8)

A
  1. exertional dyspnea (activity)2. cough is rare3. quiet lungs4. no peripheral edema5. thin; recent weight loss6. barrel chest7. pursed lips breathing8. hyperventilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Emphysema CXR (5)

A
  1. decreased lung markings at apices2. flattened diaphragms3. hyperinflation4. parenchymal bullae and blebs - small thin appearing heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

bronchitis clinical findings (5)

A
  1. mild dyspnea2. chronic productive cough3. noisy lungs; rhonchi and wheeze4. peripheral edema5. overweight and cyanotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

bronchitis CXR (2)

A
  1. increased interstitial markings at bases2. diaphragms not flattened
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

treatment options for COPD - increase in severity as you go down the list (7)

A
  1. no cure; once developed never goes away2. self-management education and smoking cessation3. bronchodilators4. inhaled corticosteroids5. pulmonary rehabilitation6. oxygen7. surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

vital signs (7)

A
  1. temperature - T2. pulse - P3. respirations - R4. blood pressure - BP5. height - Ht6. weight - Wt7. pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Alveoli

A

small air sacs that perform gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

epiglottis

A

protects the lungs from foreign objects by covering the trachea during swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

tachycardia - define

A

heart is pumping too quickly or thready; impacts circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Due to the close relationship between the lungs and the heart; conditions that

A

impact one organ can cause impairment in the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

HTN

A

increase in the amount of force that is pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

HTN is usually

A

asymptomatic; can go years unnoticed and untreated; but still causing damage to the heart, kidneys, and other body structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Prehypertensive is considered between what 2 numbers?

A

120/80 and 139/89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

HTN Preventions include (2)

A
  1. regular exercise2. eating a healthy diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Treatment of HTN

A
  1. follow physician recommended health care plan2. adhering to exercise and healthy eating plans3. monitoring BP levels4. taking medications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

atherosclerosis

A

condition where plaque made of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances sticks to the inner lining of arteries; over time hardening and narrowing the opening of blood vessels, thus reducing the rate of oxygenated blood being delivered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Causes of CAD(6)

A

smokingobesitydiabeteshigh cholesterolgeneticsage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Treatment of CAD

A
  1. healthy lifestyle choices2. medications3. surgical procedures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Surgical procedures for CAD include

A
  1. angioplasty 2. CABG3. Carotid endartrerectomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Angioplasty

A

small mesh tube is inserted into the coronary artery to widen the opening, thus increasing the blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

CABG

A

artery or veins are harvested from the leg usually and then surgically attached to bypass the blocked arteries near the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Carotid Endarterectomy

A

surgery where the carotid artery in the neck is opened in order to remove some of the plaque that has formed thus allowing better blood flow to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lung tissue caused by infection, usually from bacterial, viral, or fungal sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Community-acquired pneumonia

A

exposure to the bacteria or virus in the community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Those at risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia (3)

A
  1. post surgery (especially abdominal or chest surgery)2. patients in intensive care unit3. patients with weakened immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Those at risk for aspiration pneumonia are

A
  1. TBI or CVA pts. that have impacted the swallowing sequence or gag reflexes2. when food or foreign substance enters the lungs and causes an infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Early signs and symptoms of pneumonia are often confused with the

A

flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Symptoms for pneumonia include (8)

A
  1. cough2. fever3. dyspnea4. sweating5. chills6. chest pain or tightness7. headache8. fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

diagnosing pneumonia(3)

A

listening to the chest for rales or rumblingchest xrayblood and mucus tests (less common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Course of pneumonia

A
  1. signs of the flu2. severity of symptoms depend on the infecting organism3. caught early enough avoid hospitalization4. If hospitalized, usually 3-4days5. Older adults over 85 may have other health complications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

if left untreated pneumonia can lead to

A

severe respiratory distress and even death b/c organs are no longer getting the O2 that they need and begin to fail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Prevention of pneumonia (2)

A

vaccinationflu shot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Standard treatment plan for pneumonia

A
  1. antibiotics2.. rest3. fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Cough is not totally stopped in pneumonia with medications because

A

it is an important mechanism for removing excess mucus from the airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

COPD is an overarching term that also includes (2)

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Physically, a COPD lung is more

A

floppy and somewhat deflated or damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

emphysema

A

the alveoli walls may become deflated or damaged which reduces the amount of gas exchange that can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

the bronchial tubes become inflamed and thickened making it difficult to breathe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Symptoms of COPD (4)

A

smoker’s cough (persistent mucus producer)wheezing or whistling while inhalingchest tightnessdyspnea with exertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

As COPD progresses other symptoms may include (2)

A

swollen ankles and feet lips and fingernails may be bluish due to decreased oxygen levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the main test for lung Fn for those with COPD?

A

spirometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Course of COPD

A
  1. breathing becomes more difficult and less O2 get to the body2. heart becomes enlarged due to strain3. BP increases4. Cognitive deficits due to lack of O25. Organ failure6. Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Medical management of COPD includes

A
  1. Oxygen2. Inhaled medications3. oral medications4. Lung reduction surgery or replacement.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are the first two things an OT practitioner should determine?

A

1.determine the occupational needs of the client 2.determine the effects of their symptoms on occupational performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Common symptoms that impact occupational performance in cardiopulmonary disorders

A
  1. dyspnea2. fatigue3. depression4. difficulty focusing5. anxiety6. light-headed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Dyspnea’s impact on occupational performance

A

may need frequent breaks and may need chairs placed in various positions around their house to provide a place to sit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Fatigues impact on occupational performance

A

may need to have tasks broken down into smaller parts and to do them over a longer period of time. Work simplification and energy conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Depressions impact on occupational performance

A

encouragement to participate, support in successes, and empathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Difficulty focusing and it’s impact on occupational performance

A

visual reminders and verbal cues. Processing time may be lengthened, so a slower pace may be helpful when problem-solving more complex tasks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Anxiety’s impact on occupational performance

A

more time, encouragement, and pleasant distractions can help them move forward with the small day-to-day tasks. May become a larger issue that keeps clients from doing what they need to do.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Light-headedness: impact on occupational performance

A

allow the client to sit whenever possible to complete a task. have seats close and encourage them to stand near a stable counter or table, or use a grab bar is standing is needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

It is important for OT’s to consider how precautions impact a clients

A

ability to safely complete all areas of occupations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Common Precautions for Cardiopulmonary disorders(6)

A
  1. No heavy lifting2. heart rate less than or equal to 110 beats/minute3. O2 at all times4. Maintain low-salt diet5. Record daily weight6. Follow recommended oral and inhaled medication schedule7. No activities at a MET rate of higher than 6
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

No heavy lifting - impact on occupational performance

A

any task that would require lifting would need to be modified or completed by someone else. lifting precautions also limit wheelchair self-propulsion as this too, puts too much strain on the upper body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

heart rate less than or equal to 110 beats/minute - impact on occupational performance

A

clients will need to be taught to take their own heart rate and be reminded to take it if more exertion is attempted. Written cues may be needed for reminders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

O2 at all times - impact on occupational performance

A

Clients will need to be connected to an oxygen source; tank and long hose must be manipulated to ensure safety with mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Maintain low-salt diet - impact on occupational performance

A

Clients may need to modify cooking habits and seasoning habits and to explore alternatives

91
Q

Record daily weight - impact on occupational performance

A

CHF clients may need a scale with large numbers and system setup for recording their daily weight. Scale may need to be in a place where client can hold on to something stable while stepping on and off.

92
Q

Follow recommended oral and inhaled medication schedule - impact on occupational performance

A

Visual reminders and environmental set up may be needed. Dedicated site when doing breathing treatments help.

93
Q

No activities at a MET rate of higher than 6 - impact on occupational performance

A

Clients will have limited tasks that they can complete until this precaution is lifted. Higher met values may not be permitted for many weeks.

94
Q

COPD

A

a condition in which airflow blockages that create breathing-related problems: includes emphysema and /ore chronic bronchitis

95
Q

emphysema

A

a type of COPD characterized by permanent damage to the alveoli in the lungs, resulting in shortness of breath and difficulty exhaling

96
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

tpre of copd characterized by the inflammation and eventual scarring of the lining of the bronchial tubes producing thick mucus and restricting airflow

97
Q

Chronic bronchitis is diagnosed when a person has a

A

mucus-producing cough most day of the month, 3 months of a year for two successive years without other underlying disease to explain the cough

98
Q

Tests for COPD include (4)

A
  1. lung Fn test using spirometry2. CT scans3. Chest Xrays4. arterial blood gas level tests
99
Q

Most common cause of COPD is

A

cigarette smoke

100
Q

COPD is caused by long term exposure to

A

inhalation of lung irritants

101
Q

Lung irritants include (5)

A
  1. first-hand smoking2. second-hand smokeAnd long term inhalation of3. Dust4. air pollution5. Chemical fumes
102
Q

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency

A

a condition in which the body produces a low level of lung-protective protein

103
Q

People with AAT deficiency have an increased risk of developing

104
Q

There are 4 stages of COPD

A
  1. I - Mild2. II- Moderate3. III - Severe4. IV - Very Severe
105
Q

Initially patients may attribute COPD symptoms to (3)

A
  1. having a cold2. ageing3. being physically out of shape
106
Q

Initial symptoms of COPD (4)

A
  1. persistent cough or a cough that produces large amounts of mucus2. dyspnea, particularly during and after physical activity3. wheezing4. chest tightness
107
Q

Symptoms of COPD with disease progression(7)

A
  1. edema in the ankles, feet, or legs2. weight loss and muscle atrophy3. decreased endurance, fatigue4. bluish-colored lips and/or fingernails5. severe and constant dyspnea that inhibits even talking6. Rapid heartbeat7. Decreased alertness
108
Q

individuals with COPD contract (3)

A
  1. cold 2.flu 3. other illnesses frequently
109
Q

Clients with COPD experience a decrease in (2)

A
  1. occupational performance and participation2. quality of life and self-efficacy
110
Q

Most COPD clients develop a comorbid diagnosis of

A

depression

111
Q

Other comorbid diagnosis with COPD are (3)

A
  1. hypertension2. high cholesterol3. osteoporosis
112
Q

What drugs are commonly prescribed for COPD?

A
  1. Bronchodilators2. anti-inflammatory drugs3. antibiotics (to combat contraction of illnesses)
113
Q

oxygen therapy as an intervention for COPD

A

physician or respiratory therapist will work with a client to determine the best form of supplemental oxygen containers, liquid oxygen containers, and oxygen concentrators

114
Q

Types of lung surgery as an intervention for COPD

A
  1. lung transplants2. Lung volume reduction (removes damaged portions to increase ventilation ability)3. removal of damaged or diseased alveoli
115
Q

Occupational Therapy interventions for pulmonary conditions are done separately or as part of a pulmonary rehab team and include the following (8)

A
  1. teaching energy conservation techniques2. retraining in ADLs3. UE strength and ROM training4. Educating client and family members about the risk factors of respiratory conditions and measures to be taken to remain healthy and functional5. Lifestyle modification6. environmental assessment7. Medication management8. Recommendations of support groups and resources within the community
116
Q

OT interventions has been shown to increase (4) for patients with Pulmonary conditions

A
  1. physical Fn2. Quality of life3. independence and efficiency in ADL/IADLs4. decrease dyspnea in clients with COPD
117
Q

OT for COPD also can result in improvements in

A
  1. Social Fning 2. overall physical health3. psychological health
118
Q

Teaching energy conservation techniques are used to (Pulmonary Conditions)

A

minimize respiratory exertion; may include environmental adaptions, breathing techniques and so forth

119
Q

Retraining in ADLs may include (Pulmonary Conditions)

A

grading activities to optimize participation without causing excessive strain; using assistive devices if necessary

120
Q

UE strength and ROM training may be necessary because (Pulmonary conditions)

A

clients with these conditions often use their shoulder girdle muscles to assist in inhalation, maintaining strength in these muscles is necessary

121
Q

An example of lifestyle modification is

A

identifying new or alternate occupations that allow client to participate satisfactorily without exacerbating the pulmonary condition

122
Q

Diagnosis and management of pulmonary disorders may include (4)

A
  1. Administering pulmonary function tests2. Arterial blood gas analysis3. Chest X-rays 4. Chemical or microbiological tests
123
Q

Adenoid/o

124
Q

Adenoidectomy

A

Excision of adenoids

125
Q

Laryng/o

126
Q

Laryngoscope

A

Instrument for examining the larynx

127
Q

Nas/o

128
Q

Rhin/o

129
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

Discharge of the noseAka runny nose

130
Q

Pharyng/o

A

Pharynx (throat)

131
Q

Pharyngospasm

A

Spasm of the muscles of the pharynx

132
Q

Tonsill/o

133
Q

Trache/o

A

Trachea -windpipe

134
Q

Tracheotomy

A

Incision of the trachea

135
Q

Alveol/o

A

Alveolus; air sac

136
Q

Alveolar

A

Pertaining to the alveolus

137
Q

Bronch/o

A

Bronchus - Plural bronchi

138
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Endoscopic procedure that examines The interior bronchi using a bronchoscope.

139
Q

Bronchoscope is inserted 2 ways

A
  1. Transnasally2. Through the mouth
140
Q

Bronchoscopy’s are performed to (4)

A
  1. Remove obstructions2. Obtain a biopsy specimen3. Observed directly for pathological changes4. In children, remove foreign objects that have been inhaled
141
Q

What are the two reasons that are most common for adults to get a bronchoscopy?

A
  1. Obtain samples of suspicious lesions a.k.a. biopsy2. Culturing specific areas in the lung
142
Q

Bronchi/o

A

Bronchus (plural, bronchi)

143
Q

Bronchiol/o

A

Bronchioles

144
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles

145
Q

Phren/o

146
Q

Phrenalgia

A

Pain in the diaphragm

147
Q

Pleur/o

148
Q

Pleurodynia

A

Pain in the pleura

149
Q

Pneum/o

150
Q

Pneumomelanosis

A

Abnormal blackening of the lung tissue

151
Q

Pneumon/o

152
Q

Pulmonary

A

Pertaining to the lungs or the respiratory system

153
Q

pulmon/o

154
Q

thorac/o

155
Q

thoracopathy

A

any disease of the thoracic organs or tissue

156
Q

aer/o

157
Q

aerophagia

A

excessive swallowing of air, usually an unconscious process associated with anxiety, resulting in abdominal distention or belching; these are often interpreted by the patient as signs of a physical disorder.

158
Q

cyan/o

159
Q

cyanosisWhat is it? What causes it?What is it associated with?

A

physical sign causing bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes; caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood; associated with cold temperatures, heart failure, lung diseases, and smothering

160
Q

muc/o

161
Q

mucoid

A

resembling mucus

162
Q

myc/o

163
Q

mycosis

A

abnormal condition caused by fungus

164
Q

orth/o

165
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea that is relieved when in an upright position

166
Q

py/o

167
Q

pyothorax

A

pus in the pleural cavity

168
Q

a-

A

without, not

169
Q

brady-

170
Q

dys-

A

bad; painful; difficult

171
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

172
Q

tachy-

173
Q

friction rub

A

dry, grating sound heard with a stethoscope during ausculation (listening for sounds within the body)

174
Q

stridor

A

high-pitched, musical sound made on inspiration; caused by an obstruction in the trachea or larynx

175
Q

acidosis

A

excessive acidity of blood as a result of blood as a result of an accumulation of acids or an excessive loss of bicarbonate caused by abnormally high levels of CO2 in the body

176
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) What is it?What causes it?

A

Life-threatening buildup of fluid in the alveoli caused by vomit in the lungs (aspiration), and hailing chemicals, pneumonia, septic shock, or trauma

177
Q

ARDS prevents

A

Enough oxygen from passing into the bloodstream

178
Q

Anosmia

A

Absence or decrease in the sense of smell

179
Q

Anoxia

A

Total absence of O2 and body tissues;

180
Q

Anoxia is caused by

A

Lack of O2 in inhaled air or by obstruction that prevents 02 from reaching the lungs

181
Q

Asphyxia

A

Condition of insufficient intake of oxygen as a result of choking, toxic gases, electric shock, drugs, drowning, smoke or trauma

182
Q

AtelectasisWhat is it? How is it caused?

A

Collapse of lung tissue, which prevents the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide and it’s caused by various conditions including obstruction of foreign bodies, excessive secretions, or pressure on them on from a tumor

183
Q

Coryza

A

Acute inflammation of the nasal passages accompanied by profuse nasal discharge; also called a cold

184
Q

Croup

A

Acute respiratory syndrome that occurs primarily in children and infants and is characterized by laryngeal obstruction and spasm, barking cough, and stridor

185
Q

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

Genetic disease that is one of the most common types of chronic lung disease in children and young adults and causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract, possibly resulting in early death

186
Q

Epistaxis

A

Hemorrhage from the nose; also known as nose red

187
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Greater than normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood

188
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Deficiency of oxygen in body tissues; usually a sign of respiratory impairment

189
Q

Influenza

A

Acute, contagious respiratory infection characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain

190
Q

Otitis media (OM) What is it? What’s the cause?What is the symptom?How is it treated?

A

Inflammation of the middle ear, commonly the result of an URI with symptoms of otodynia; may be treated with myringotomy or tympanostomy tubes

191
Q

Exudative

A

OM with the presence of fluid, such as pus or serum

192
Q

Pertussis

A

Acute infectious disease characterized by a “whoop”-sounding cough; also called whooping cough

193
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by deep breathing or coughing

194
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, causing the complete or partial collapse of a lung

195
Q

SIDS

A

Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant; aka crib death

196
Q

Arterial blood gases (ABGs)

A

Group of tests that measure the oxygen ad co2 concentration in an arterial blood sample

197
Q

Mantoux test

A

Intradermal test to determine recent or past exposure to tuberculosis (TB)

198
Q

Polysomnography (PSG)What is it?What does it evaluate?

A

Sleep study test monitored by a technician while the patient sleeps; used to evaluate physical factors affecting sleep, such as heart rate and activity, breathing, eye and muscle movements, snoring, kicking during sleep, and sleep cycles and stages

199
Q

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A

Various tests used to determine the capacity of the lungs to exchange O2 and CO2 efficiently

200
Q

Spirometry What is it? What is it used for?What is it used to assess?

A

Common lung function test that measures and records volume and rate of inhaled and exhaled air.Used to assess pulmonary function by means of a spirometer.Assess obstructive lung disease especially asthma and COPD

201
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

Basic emergency procedure for life-support, consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage

202
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A

Procedure in which an airway catheter is inserted through the mouth or nose into the trachea just above the bronchi in patients who are unable to breathe on their own; also used to administer oxygen, medication, or anesthesia

203
Q

Postural drainage

A

Use of body positioning to assist in the removal of secretions from specific lobes of the lung, bronchi, or lung cavities

204
Q

Thoracic entasis

A

Use of a needle to collect pleural fluid for laboratory analysis or to remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space. Aka thorax entrails

205
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Incision into the trachea (tracheotomy) and creation of a permanent opening through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted to keep the opening patent.

206
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Dilate constricted airways by relaxing muscle spasms in the bronchial tubes through oral administration or inhalation via a metered-dose inhaler (MDI)

207
Q

corticosteroids

A

suppress the inflammatory reaction that causes swelling and narrowing of the bronchi

208
Q

expectorants

A

improve the ability to cough up mucus from the respiratory tract

209
Q

metered-dose

A

device that enables the patient to self-administer a specific amount of medication into the lungs through inhalation

210
Q

nebulized mist treatment (NMT)

A

method of administering medication directly into the lungs using a device (nebulizer) that produces a fine spray; also called aerosol therapy

211
Q

apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

212
Q

sleep apneaWhat is it?What can it cause?

A

sudden cessation of breathing during sleep that can result in hpoxia and lead to cognitive impariment, hypertension, and arrhythmias.

213
Q

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)What is it?Signs/symptoms?

A

physical obstruction in the upper airways; usually marked by recurrent sleep interruptions, choking and gasping spells on awakening, and drowsiness caused by loss of normal sleep.

214
Q

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

A

gentle ventilator support used to keep the airways open

215
Q

An example of a physical obstruction in OSA is

A

enlarged tonsils

216
Q

If OSA is left untreated it can cause(3)

A
  1. central sleep apnea2. pulmonary failure3. cardiac abnormalities
217
Q

3 major disorders included in COPD

A
  1. asthma2. chronic bronchitis3. emphysema
218
Q

In COPD air reaches the alveoli in the lungs during inhalation but

A

it is not fully exhaled.

219
Q

Predisposing factors of COPD are (4)

A
  1. smoking2. prolonged exposure to polluted air3. respiratory infections4. allergies
220
Q

Medications used to alleviate the symptoms of COPD (2)

A
  1. bronchodilators2. corticosteroids
221
Q

Distended bronchioles and alveoli are associated with

222
Q

Inflamed airways and excessive mucus are associated with

A

chronic bronchitis

223
Q

narrowed bronchial tubes and swollen mucous membranes are associated with

224
Q

uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPP)

A

removal of excess tissue in the throat to make the airway wider.

OCTH 1031 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions