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OCTH 1031 > Conditions of the Cardiovascular System P.P. (Week3) > Flashcards

Conditions of the Cardiovascular System P.P. (Week3) Flashcards

1
Q

MI

A

gross necrosis of the myocardium due to interruption of the blood supply to the area

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2
Q

If the blockage is below 40% patient usually does not know they have __________

A

artherosclerosis

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3
Q

Client will have 50% or more blockage when symptoms begin to show in _______

A

artherosclerosis

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4
Q

Signs and symptoms of MI ( 6)

A
  1. Chest pain/pressure
  2. shortness of breath
  3. nausea/vomiting
  4. weakness
  5. diaphoresis/sweating
  6. sudden death
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5
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

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6
Q

SOB is usually what a person experiences after ____ ____

A

physical activity

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7
Q

MI causes ____ due to pressure on the chest.

A

dyspnea

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8
Q

If the pressure of what is thought to be an MI goes away it is most likely ______

A

angina

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9
Q

Diagnosing an MI (3)

A
  1. blood work
  2. EKG
  3. Chest xray
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10
Q

Cardiac markers such as CK-MB and Troponins are signs of

A

MI

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11
Q

Troponins are

A

released in the blood system when the heart muscle dies.

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12
Q

EKG shows an elevation in the ___

A

ST interval

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13
Q

Causes of an MI (6)

A
  1. Thrombus (clot) formation at the site, or that travels to (embolism) a narrowed vessel
  2. Atherosclerosis/plaque formation
  3. vaspospasm
  4. hypotension
  5. anemia
  6. cocaine use
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14
Q

embolism

A

a clot that travels

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15
Q

Thrombus

A

clot that is caught in a narrow vessel

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16
Q

A thrombus that gets caught in a vessel with atherosclerosis causes an

A

MI

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17
Q

Vasospasm

A

vessels constrict distally and peripherally to protect the body (keep warm)

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18
Q

When a vasospasm occurs to a main artery it can mimic a

A

MI

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19
Q

As angina worsens the heart will grow new vessels around the partially blocked vessels. This is called

A

collateral circulation

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20
Q

Atherosclerosis is

A

plaque formation in the coronary artery blocking blood flow and oxygen to the heart

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21
Q

What is the most common type of HD?

A

CHD

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22
Q

CHD can lead to

A

MI, angina and other complications

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23
Q

Decline in HD deaths are due to (2)

A
  1. people are reducing their own risk factors

2. New medications and procedures are preventing HD

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24
Q

MAJOR Risk factor of CAD (4)

A
  1. smoking
  2. high cholesterol/lipids
  3. hypertension/ high BP
  4. Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
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25
Q

All MAJOR CAD risk factors are _________

A

modifiable

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26
Q

High blood pressure is caused by ______

A

inflammation in the coronary arteries

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27
Q

High blood pressure can cause a ___

A

stroke

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28
Q

Exercise increases ___

29
Q

Medication and diet will decrease ____

30
Q

Avoid DM by (2)

A
  1. Dieting

2. Exercising

31
Q

Minor Risk Factors for CAD (8)

A
  1. sedentary life style
  2. family hx
  3. aging process
  4. abdominal obesity
  5. psychosocial factors - high stress
  6. consumption of too few fruits/vegetables
  7. drinking too much alcohol
  8. high inflammation in the body (RA)
32
Q

Visceral fat is

A

abdominal obesity

33
Q

1 way to prevent CAD

A 
risk factor reduction:
quit smoking
check for hypertension and lose weight
check for diabetes and lose weight
check for high cholesterol lose weight
exercise 
take medication as directed
34
Q

“MOAN” the immediate treatment for MI stands for

A

Morphine - for pain/anxiety relief
Oxygen - To help heart work better
Aspirin - to “thin” the blood for better circulation
Nitroglycerin - to vasodilate blood vessels to improve circulation

35
Q

Immediate tx in ER for CAD

A
  1. Iv fluids
  2. oxygen
  3. EKG
  4. Blood tests
  5. Possible t-PA
36
Q

What is t-PA?

A

Clot-buster - dissolves clot to avoid more clots/blockages

37
Q

Why shouldn’t a person that has had CPR be administered t-PA?

A

t-PA is a blood thinner that will loosen up all blood from bruising and the patient can bleed out

38
Q

Long term medications for tx of CAD(6)

REMEMBER THIS LIST!!!! SIDE-EFFECTS WILL BE GONE OVER IN ANOTHER PRESENTATION

A 
Asprin, plavix
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
ACE-inhibitors
Nitroglycerin
Statins
39
Q

Nitroglycerin is sent home with patients if

A

They still have small blockages elsewhere

40
Q

percutaneous

A

through the skin

41
Q

transluminal

A

across the lumen

42
Q

Revascularization Techniques for CAD (2)

A
  1. PTCA with stenting

2. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

43
Q

What is the procedure for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with stenting?

A

A catheter pushes the plaque up against the walls of the artery and then a stent is placed to hold the vessels open

44
Q

What happens if a stent can not be placed due to an area of blockage?

A

A CABG will be performed

45
Q

What is the procedure for a CABG?

A

A vein is removed from another part of the body,then
flipped upside down so the valves stay open, and secured onto the heart bypassing blood flow around the site of the blockage.

46
Q

Which veins can be used for a CABG? (3)

A
  1. Saphenous
  2. Internal mammary
  3. radial artery
47
Q

Complications of an MI include (5)

A
  1. arrhythmias
  2. continued angina/chest pain
  3. pericarditis
  4. heart failure (CHF)
  5. DVT
48
Q

arrythmias

A

abnormal, irregular hear rhythm

49
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation around the heart

50
Q

CHF

A

decreased cardiac output, reduced/low ejection fraction

51
Q

DVT stands for

A

deep vein thrombosis

52
Q

A DVT is

A

blood clot in leg

53
Q

What can happen if a DVT travels?

A

It can end up in the lungs causing a pulmonary embolus

54
Q

Symptoms of Pulmonary embolus (2)

A

Chest pain

SOB

55
Q

3 types of CHF

A
  1. left-sided systolic HF
  2. right-sided diastolic HF
  3. Right-sided HF
56
Q

Symptoms of Class I (Mild) HF

A

No limitation of physical activity; does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea.

57
Q

Symptoms of Class II (Mild) HF

A

Slight limitation of physical activity; comfortable at rest but ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation,, or dyspnea

58
Q

Symptoms of Class III (Moderate) HF

A

Marked limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnea

59
Q

Symptoms of Class IV (Severe) HF

A

Unable to carry out any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms of cardiac insufficiency at rest. If any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased.

60
Q

Risk factors of DVT(4)

A
  1. Long travel
  2. cancer patients
  3. use of estrogen
  4. Other
61
Q

Prevention of DVT

A
  1. early ambulation
  2. “foot board” - exercises while still in bed
  3. SCD - sequential compression devices
  4. Medications - lovenox
62
Q

Biggest risk of a DVT is if a

A

clot travels to the lungs and causes a deadly PE

63
Q

Heprin vs Coumadin

A

Heprin is short acting

Coumadin is long acting

64
Q

Cardiac rehab will focus on (3)

A
  1. Safe EXERCISE with telemetry monitoring
  2. Proper EDUCATION to reduce cardiac risk
  3. DIETARY EDUCATION to help reduce cholesterol and BP (sodium) in diet via demos, classes
65
Q

Exercise helps create

A

new vessels

66
Q

Which exercises are used in cardiac rehab? (3)

A
  1. Stretching
  2. Aerobic - creates new vessles
  3. Strength and balance
67
Q

Strength and balance exercise will decrease the risk of

68
Q

Cardiac diet consists of eating(3)

A
  1. low carbs
  2. lean fish, meat, poultry = no skin, no fat
  3. tons of fruits and vegetables
69
Q

Cardiac catheterization

A

is a procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. During cardiac catheterization, a long thin tube called a catheter is inserted in an artery or vein in your groin, neck or arm and threaded through your blood vessels to your heart.

OCTH 1031 (22 decks)

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