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OCTH 1031 > FINAL EXAM - Progressive Neurological conditions > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM - Progressive Neurological conditions Flashcards

1
Q

-lepsy

A

Seizure

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2
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

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3
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also called Lou Gehrig’s disease

A

Progressive motor neuron disease that manifests in adulthood and progresses very quickly

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4
Q

Dementia

A

Progressive, irreversible deteriorationof mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgment, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language

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5
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic plaques, which results in dementia progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes

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6
Q

Epilepsy

A

Disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, where as others have extreme convulsions

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7
Q

Huntington chorea

A

Inherited, degenerative disease of the CNS with symptoms developing in the middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled Bizzarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration

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8
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Excessive accumulation of cerebral fluid within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in Neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease; if left untreated, causes an enlarged head and cognitive decline

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9
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by demyelination of the myelin sheath in the gray and white matter of the brain, which produces weakness and other muscular symptoms (Driving on the GSP and there’s a road block; only one car can pass at a time)

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10
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Malignant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblasts that occurs most commonly in infants and children

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11
Q

Neurosis

A

Non-psychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

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12
Q

Palsy

A

Partial or complete loss of motor function; also called paralysis

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13
Q

Bell palsy

A

Facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of facial nerves

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14
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary

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15
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury

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16
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Progressive neurological disorder caused by neurotransmitter deficiencies (dopamine) that affects the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement (basal ganglia)

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17
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

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18
Q

Psychosis

A

Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality; often with delusions and hallucinations

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19
Q

Sciatica

A

Severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve which travels from the hip to the foot

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20
Q

Shingles

A

Chronic viral disease in which painful blisters appear on the skin along the course of the peripheral nerve that is caused by inflammation secondary to herpes zoster virus, The same virus that causes chickenpox; also called herpes zoster

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21
Q

Spina bifida

A

Congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

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22
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Most common and Lisa beer from a spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

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23
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

Most severe type of spina bifida that involves protrusion of the meninges spinal cord or both

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24
Q

Meningocele

A

The protrusion of meninges through the spinal canal

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25
Q

Stroke

A

In adequate supply of blood and oxygen to the brain do to a clot or ruptured blood vessel, which allows brain tissue to die and becomes a medical emergency; also called cerebrovascular accident CVA

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26
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Ruptured blood vessel

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27
Q

Transient ischemic attack TIA

A

Interruption in blood supply to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a high risk or a more serious and debilitating condition (a stroke); also called mini stroke

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28
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis CSF

A

Laboratory test that examines a sample of CSF obtained from a lumbar puncture or, which is analyze for the presence of blood, bacteria, and malignant cells as well as for the amount of protein and glucose present

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29
Q

Electroencephalography

A

Electrodes are placed on the scalp to record electrical activity within the brain; used to evaluate seizure and sleep disorders and periods of unconsciousness, monitor brain surgeries, and determine whether a person is in a coma or brain-dead

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30
Q

Lumbar puncture LP

A

Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSF used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological Laboratory analysis; also called spinal tap or spinal puncture

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31
Q

Craniotomy

A

Surgical procedure that creates an opening in the school to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures

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32
Q

Thalamotomy

A

Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat the psychosis or intractable pain. Thalamus is also responsible for movement and this can help control Tremors in PD

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33
Q

Trephination

A

Excision of a circular disk of bone using a special I saw called a trephine to reveal brain tissue during neurosurgery, or to relieve intracranial pressure ICP

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34
Q

Anesthetics

A

Procedure partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness

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35
Q

General Anesthetics

A

Produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness

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36
Q

Local anesthesia

A

Produce loss of feeling and affect a local area only

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37
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

Prevent or control seizures

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38
Q

Antiparkinsonian agents

A

Redo signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease

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39
Q

Antipsychotics

A

Alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of delusions and hallucinations

40
Q

Thrombolytics

A

Dissolve blood clots in the process known as Thrombolysis

41
Q

Trigeminal neuralgia TN

A

Neuropathic pain syndrome that involves the facial area stimulated by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve five); caused by blood vessels pressing on the route of the trigeminal nerve; trauma, tumor, MS, or herpes zoster

42
Q

Spastic

A

Hyperactive reflexes

43
Q

Flaccid

A

Loss of reflexes and tone

44
Q

Cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum

45
Q

etiology of ALS (2)

A
  1. familial ALS (FALS) inherited autosomal trait

2. 90% occur sporadically and cause is unknown

46
Q

ALS risk factors (2)

A
  1. ALS clusters

2. Food related cycad bean

47
Q

Course and Prognosis of ALS (4)

A
  1. Progressive
  2. Death within 2-5 years
  3. Respiratory Failure and inability to eat are typical end stage
  4. Earlier onset (
48
Q

Medical Interventions for ALS (2)

A
  1. Few drugs slow the progression

2. prevention of respiratory symptoms is critical

49
Q

OT intervention for ALS- Education (7)

A
  1. energy conservation
  2. compensatory strategies - using GE devices
  3. spints and orthotics to reduce pain, subluxation and fatigue
  4. adaptive devices
  5. safety, positioning, safe transfers, and skin integrity
  6. augmentative communication devices
  7. continued participation in shifted life roles and meaningful occupations
50
Q

Things to consider with progressive neurological disease (3)

A
  1. burnout factor for everyone - pt, family, practitioner
  2. quality of life inventory - give them the most fn they can have for as long as they want
  3. consider their life as a whole not just who they are now; see them as the full person they once were.
51
Q

The triad of classic signs of Parkinson’s Disease

A
  1. tremor starts as an intention tremor progresses into a resting tremor
  2. rigidity
  3. akinesia
52
Q

Etiology of Parkinson’s Disease (3)

A
  1. cause is generally unknown
  2. gene may cause in a small percentage of cases
  3. pesticides and herbicides have been implicated in a small percentage of cases
53
Q

Risk factors/ precaustions and prevention for parkinson’s

A

Risk factors - loosely associated to environment and genetics
No identified Precautions or preventions

54
Q

Signs and symptoms of Parkinsons (4)

A
  1. tremors - intention to resting
  2. rigidity - lack of rotation in
  3. bradykinesia - slowness of the actual movement - difficulty adjusting body position
  4. Postural changed - stooped, unsteady
55
Q

Course and Prognosis of parkinson’s (4)

A
  1. All signs get progressively worse but not at the same time
  2. tremors may peak and not become worse
  3. posture and gait abnormalities are the most difficult
  4. economic impact due to onset in the 50s and 60s - loss of income, increase cost for treatment and care
56
Q

medical interventions and medications for Parkinson’s (3)

A
  1. does not decrease life span but the debilitation may
  2. L-Dopa is used but has significant side effects
  3. Deep brain stimulation for tremor management - has it’s own side effects
57
Q

Therapy considerations with Parkinson’s disease

A
  1. external temporal constraints can help organize timing and speed
  2. fall precautions due to movement disorders
  3. Submax exercise results in higher heart rate and increased O2 consumption
  4. Interventions will not result in a cure; but, supplementary motor pathways bypassing the basal ganglia can be developed
58
Q

Progressive diseases are also known as

A

degenerative diseases of the CNS

59
Q

MRIs are pretty definitive in this progressive neurological disorder

A

MS

60
Q

OTs may suspect MS when referral of clumsiness and general weakness. Why is this?

A

We ask the pt to do more than the MD does during their visit with them and we spend more time with them. Pts also share more with us b/c we build a rapport with them. Always notify MD if you suspect MS. We do not diagnose!

61
Q

Etiology of MS (4)

A
  1. immune based disorder
  2. Virus can increase chance of an exacerbation
  3. Genetic - less than 5% from a first degree relative
  4. Environmental - children of parents who migrated from a high risk area to a low risk area have lower incidence
62
Q

MS risk factors (3)

A
  1. possibly environment
  2. possibly genetics
  3. probably a combination of many factors
63
Q

Precautions and preventions for MS

A

None known

64
Q

symptoms of MS (12)

A
  1. paresthesia - localized
  2. blurred vision
  3. diplopia
  4. weakness and fatigue
  5. balance and coordination problems
  6. spasticity
  7. pain
  8. sensitive to heat
  9. bladder and bowel problems
  10. Problems with sexual function
  11. cognitive issues - mainly executive Fn. loss of short-term memory, concentration, judgement, or problem solving
  12. emotional changes - depression, mood swings, irritability, or pseudobulbar affect (uncontrolled laughing or crying)
65
Q

4 types of MS

A
  1. relapsing-remitting
  2. secondary progressive
  3. primary progressive
  4. progressive relapsing
66
Q

Relapsing - remitting MS

A

attacks that last for days/months followed by full or partial recovery - most common 85% of newly diagnosed pts

67
Q

secondary progressive MS characteristics (5)

A
  1. relapse and remission progressive pattern
  2. 50% diagnosed evolve into this pattern
  3. Usually seasonal
  4. Diagnosed over 40yoa
  5. steady decline from the start don’t usually recover any loss
68
Q

Primary Progressive MS characteristics(4)

A

steady decline from onset
episodes of minimal recovery
onset after 40 yoa
after every episode, never regain prior episode Fn.

69
Q

Progressive relapsing MS characteristics ( 3)

A
  1. progressive from the start with clear exacerbations
  2. rarest type of MS
  3. Declines, may gain back some Fn, and declines again
70
Q

Course of MS

A

depends on the type of MS and any co morbidities

71
Q

Prognosis of MS (3)

A
  1. life expectancy reduced by maybe 10 yrs. Don’t die from MS. Die from co-morbidities.
  2. risk of dying of MS is associated with severe disability
  3. depression and related mental health issues due to young age of onset
72
Q

Comorbidities that put Pts with MS at risk of dying (4)

A
  1. respiratory issues
  2. pneumonia
  3. renal failure
  4. heart failure
73
Q

Medical management of MS (5)

A
  1. modify disease course - immunotherapy
  2. treat exacerbations - steroids
  3. manage symptoms - therapy and meds
  4. improve fn and safety - therapy
  5. provide emotional support - everyone
74
Q

Occupational Therapy Interventions for MS (8)

A
  1. ADL and cognitive retraining
  2. energy conservation
  3. assistive technology
  4. environmental, employment, and home modifications
  5. Pain and stress management
  6. ROM/endurance/strengthening for desired activities
  7. safety awareness
  8. splinting
75
Q

secondary signs and symptoms for PD (16)

A
  1. gait disturbances
  2. impaired dexterity and coordination
  3. involuntary immobilization
  4. speech difficulties
  5. swallowing difficulties
  6. poor balance
  7. oculomotor impairments
  8. reduced facial expression
  9. sleep disturbances
  10. reduced bowel and bladder fn
  11. painful cramping of muscles
  12. sexual dysfunction
  13. low BP
  14. sensory disturbances
  15. seborrhea (oily skin, dandruff)
  16. fatigue
76
Q 
Hoehn and Yahr staging system of  PD
Stage 1 (2)
A

mild movement - related symptoms on one side

able to function without disability

77
Q

Stage II of PD (3)

A

bilateral signs of movement related symptoms
balance is NOT impaired
symptoms can improve with medication

78
Q

stage III of PD (2)

A

mild imbalance during walking or standing

Moderately severe generalized dysfunction but typically remains physically independent

79
Q

stage IV of PD (4)

A

motor symptoms are advanced and severe
Disabling instability while walking or standing
the individual is no longer able to live alone
Changes in speech and swallowing are also apparent.

80
Q

stage V of PD (3)

A

severe and fully developed
individual is unable to stand or walk
requires constant care

81
Q

LDopa side effects (8)

A
  1. nausea
  2. loss of appetite
  3. dyskinesias,
  4. dry mouth
  5. sleepiness
  6. confusion
  7. hallucinations
  8. neurotoxicity
82
Q

Lower motor neuron symptoms of ALS (4)

A
  1. focal and multifocal weakness
  2. atrophy - progresses distal to proximal
  3. muscle cramping
  4. muscle twitching
83
Q

Corticospinal tract symptoms of ALS (4)

A

spasticity
hyperactive reflexes
dysphagia - difficulty swallowing
dysarthria - impaired speech

84
Q

symptoms of ALS (8)

A
  1. focal and multifocal weakness
  2. atrophy - progresses distal to proximal
  3. muscle cramping
  4. muscle twitching
  5. spasticity
  6. hyperactive reflexes
  7. dysphagia - difficulty swallowing
  8. dysarthria - impaired speech
85
Q

PNDs impacts client factors and occupational performance. This includes

A
  1. self-care - gross and fine motor coordination
  2. difficulty eating - dysphagia, loss of strength and coordination
  3. Functional mobility - neuromuscular and motor problems
  4. IADLs - reduced sensory, cognitive, and perceptual functions
  5. Education - neuromuscular, motor problems, cognitive and perceptual deficits. Computer-based courses are an option
  6. Work - fatigue, weak or blurred vision, difficulties with bladder control, decline in motor skills, cognitive deficits
  7. Play and leisure - maintain balance as long as possible to have meaningful and fulfilling leisure.
  8. Social participation - communication, mobility, sexual dysfunction, eating problems affect normal socialization. Dysarthria - imperfect articulation - difficulty communicating needs.
86
Q

OT interventions for ALS - Adaption (2)

A
  1. environmental modification to promote function

2. Adaptive utensils or equipments (wheelchairs, self-care devices, grab bars)

87
Q

Motor symptoms with MS -5

A 
Spasticity
Limitations in tolerance/low energy
Weakness
Ataxia-like symptoms
Intention tremor
88
Q

Visual symptoms with ME -5

A 
Double vision
Pain behind the eyes
Blurred vision
Partial blindness/scotoma
Nystagmus
89
Q

Cognitive symptoms with MS -3

A

Memory loss or disturbance

Difficulty with complex ideas

Decreased attention span

90
Q

Psychological symptoms with MS - 3

A

Depression or euphoria
Impulsivity
Lability

91
Q

Secondary signs and symptoms of PD -16

A

Gait disturbances

92
Q

OT interventions for ALS - Prevention (3)

A
  1. muscle deconditioning
  2. contracture through active and passive range of motion exercises
  3. pressure sores with proper positioning
93
Q

OT interventions for MS - Educating Clients and caregivers about (7)

A
  1. disease process
  2. energy conservation strategies
  3. cognitive strategies
  4. grading activities
  5. use of mobility aids and assistive technology
  6. safety awareness
  7. work or home modifications
94
Q

OT Intervention for PD in ADLs and IADLs (2)

A
  1. Teach use of adaptive techniques and tools to reduce the effect of tremors
  2. Provide strategies to assist with medication routines
95
Q

OT Intervention for PD in sensorimotor (2)

A
  1. facilitate joint movement, maintain ROM, and prevent contractures by stretching
  2. improve motor planning and increase speed by adding cues such as music with beats
96
Q

OT intervention for PD in psychosocial (5)

A
  1. group intervention can increase client functioning and perceptions of capabilities and self-esteem
  2. educate in self-management skills
  3. promote engagement in productive activities and leisure with suitable challenges
  4. encourage discussion of roles within the family and living unit
  5. educate the family about difficulties affecting social interaction, such as facial masking and oral rigidity
97
Q

OT Interventions for PD in Environment (3)

A
  1. Suggest home modifications for increased safety
  2. encourage client and family to participate in support groups
  3. help client and family explore the community for resources

OCTH 1031 (22 decks)

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