Final Exam Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What are the forms of particulate radiation?
A
Alpha particles
Beta particles
Neutrons
Protons
2
Q
Particulate radiation occurs when subatomic particles are ejected from atoms at _____ speeds (high/low)
A
High
3
Q
No ionization occurs when subatomic particles are:
A
At rest
4
Q
Alpha rays are emitted from the nucleus in the process of:
A
Radioactive decay
5
Q
What makes up Alpha particles?
A
2 protons and 2 neutrons
6
Q
What is the size of an Alpha particle compared to a regular Hydrogen atom?
A
Large mass - 4 times greater than Hydrogen atom
7
Q
What is the charge of an Alpha particle?
A
Positive charge - twice that of an electron
8
Q
Beta particles are identical to:
A
High-speed electrons
9
Q
What is the size of a Beta particle compared to an Alpha particle?
A
8000 times lighter
10
Q
What is the electrical charge of a Beta particle?
A
Negative (-1)
11
Q
Types of radiation on EM spectrum (list low energy radiation to high energy radiation)
A
Radio waves
Microwaves
Infared
Visible light
UV rays
Xrays
Gamma rays
12
Q
What is the EfD limits for the general public?
A
1 mSv for frequent exposures
5 mSv for infrequent exposures
13
Q
What is the EfD limits for occupation workers
A
50 mSv annually
14
Q
What is the EfD limit for individuals engaged in non-life-saving activities during an emergency?
A
50 mSv
15
Q
What is the EfD limit for individuals engaged in life-saving emergencies?
A
250 mSv
16
Q
How to determine the cumulative EfD for occupation workers?
A
10 mSv x age in years
17
Q
How to determine collective EfD?
A
Avg EfD for an individual belonging to the exposed population x the number of persons exposed
18
Q
What is LD 50/30 represent?
A
Radiation dose that can be letal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days
19
Q
What is the estimated LD 50/30 for adult humans?
A
3-4 Gy without medical support
20
Q
What is the most accurate lethal dose for humans?
A
LD 50/60
21
Q
Regardless of treatment, doses of ___ Gy are considered fatal
A
12 Gy
22
Q
What are organic compounds?
A
Proteins
Carbs
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
23
Q
What are inorganic compounds?
A
Water
Inorganic acids
Inorganic bases
Mineral salts (electrolytes)
24
Q
What are the building blocks of the cell?
A
Protein
25
Protein makes up __% of the cell
15%
26
Proteins are formed from:
Amino acids
27
How many amino acids are required for humans?
22
28
What happens during protein synthesis?
Chromosomes and genes organize amino acids to form structual and enzymatic proteins
29
Enzymatic proteins (enzymes) function as a:
Organic catalyst
30
What is the function of an organic catalyst?
Affects the rate of chemical reactions
31
Antibodies are protein molecules created by:
B lymphocytes
32
What type of tissue is highly radiosensitive?
Epithelial
33
What type of tissue is highly radioinsensitive?
Muscle and nervous
34
Radiosensitive cells
Basal cells of skin
Blood cells
Intestinal cyst cells
Reproductive cells
35
States that each cell has a master molecule that directs all cellular activities and if inactivated, results in cell dealth
Target theory
36
Cell radiosensitivity is described by:
Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau
37
Cells are the most radiosensitive when they are:
Nonspecialized and rapidly dividing
38
Are full oxygenated cells more or less sensitive to radiation?
More
39
The most radiosensitive cells in the body are:
Lymphocytes
40
What is DNA composed of?
2 sugar phosphate chains that are linked together by nitrogenous bases
41
What are the nitrogenous base pairs in DNA?
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
42
How are the nitrogenous base pairs different in RNA compared to DNA?
Thymine in DNA is replaced by Uracil in RNA
43
Effective atomic number of soft tissue
7.4
44
Effective atomic number of bone
13.6
45
The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presense or absense of disease
Diagnostic efficacy
46
Average energy deposited per unit length of track
Linear Energy Transfer
47
What types of radiation are low-LET radiation?
Gamma
Xrays
Electrons
48
What types of radiation are high-LET radiation?
Alpha particles
Ions of heavy nuclei
Charged particles
Low-energy neutrons
49
How is LET and biological damage related?
Direclty proportional
50
Main function of the NRC is to
Oversee nuclear energy industry
51
The NRC does not regulate or inspect:
X-ray imaging facilities
52
NRC was formally known as:
Atomic Energy Commission
53
SI unit for Exposure
Coulombs per kg
54
SI unit for Air Kerma
Gray
55
SI unit for Absorbed Dose
Gray
56
SI unit for EqD
Sievert
57
SI unit for EfD
Sievert
58
1 SI exposure unit equals:
1/(2.58x10^-4) R
59
RSO must have sufficient authority, organizational freedom, and mangement prerogative to:
Identify radiation safety problems
Initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action
Stop unsafe operations involving byproduct material
60
Responsibilites of RSC
Assist in the development of the radiation safety program
Provide guidance for the program
Facilitate the ongoing operations of the program
61
Who is responsible for maintaining radiation monitoring records and for providing counseling
RSO
62
ALARA concept presents an extremely conservative model with respect to the relationship between:
Ionizing radiation and potential risk
63
In the US, Level 1 and Level 2 investigation levels are usual __ to __ of the applicable regulatory standards
1/10 to 3/10
64
What group is run by the government of Japan and primarily studies the Japanese atomic bomb survivors
Radiation Effects Research Foundation
65
Atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero have provided conclusive evidence of a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of severe mental retardation for fetal doses greater than:
0.4 Sv
66
Atomic bomb data for Hiroshima and Nagasaki suggest that radiation-induced Leukemias and solid tumors occuring in the survivors may be attributed to exposure to:
Gamma radiation
67
Atomic bomb studies show Leukemia has ______ since the 40s/50s, and the incidence of solid tumors has continuted to ________
Slowly decline/Escalate
68
What happens to empryo-fetus when irradiated from .05-15 Gy?
Emryonic death
69
What types of gonadal shielding provides the best protection for a male when AP, oblique, and lateral projections are obtained?
Shaped contact shield w/ 1mm lead
70
Minimum Al. Eq. for stationary fluoro unit operating above 70 kVp
2.5mm
71
Minimum Al. Eq. for machines operating from 50-70 kVp
1.5mm
72
Image intensifying systems should have _______ Al Eq.
3-4mm
73
What type of dose-response curve does cancer, leukemia, and genetic effects follow?
Linear nonthreshold
74
What type of dose-response curve does cataracts and skin effects follow?
Nonlinear threshold
75
What is the SSD for mobile fluoro units?
30 cm
76
What is the SSD for fixed fluoro units?
38cm
77
Benefits of using image intensifyer systems
Increased image brightness
Saving time for the radiologist
Patient dose reduction
78
What type of radiation is considered low LET?
Xray and Gamma rays
79
Gonadal radiation dose that causes permanent sterility in males
5-6 Gy
80
What cells are the most radiosensitive:
Lymphocytes
Adult nerve cells
Erythrocytes
Muscle cells
Lymphocytes
81
Neutrophils play an essential role in:
Fighting infection
82
Which of the following contain cells that do not divide?
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous tissue in adults
Muscle and Nervous tissue
83
What type of white blood cells is essential in fighting infections?
Granulocytes
84
What is the ratio to determine RBE?
Reference radiation/Test radiation
85
What is the oxygen enhancement ratio?
Dose required to cause damage w/o radiation/Dose required to cause damage w/radiation
86
What x-ray interaction with matter ocrrus below 10 kEv
Coherent
87
What is the radiation protection philosophy?
Assume there is risk with any level of exposure
88
What are late stochastic effects?
Birth defects and cancer
89
T/F Conclusive proof exists that low-level ionizing radiation (below 0.1 Gy) causes a signficiant increase in the risk of malignancy
False
90
Xray photon energy required to initiate pair production?
1.022 MeV
91
What are Purines?
Adenine and Guanine
92
1 Sv = ? Rem
100
93
1 Rad = ? cGy
1
94
CR imaging has greater ___ flexibility than conventional screen-film radiography
kVp
95
What's the basis for selecting proper technique?
Mass per unit volume of tissue
Atomic #
96
In CR, the reading unit is used to scan the photostimulable phosphor plate with a helium-neon laser. This results in emission of violet light that is changed into electrical signal by a:
Photomultiplier tube
97
In image intensification fluoro, an HVL of 3-4.5mm Al Eq. is considered acceptable when kVp is:
80-100
98
In image intensification fluoro, the kVp range for adult patients is usually:
75-110
99
What is the conversion process in direct DR?
Photoconductor
TFT
Electrical signal
100
What is the conversion process in Indirect DR using TFT
Scintilator
Photodiode
TFT
Electronic signal
101
What is the conversion process in Indirect DR using CCD
Scinilator
CCD
Electrical signal
102
Cell component that contains the centrioles
Centrosomes
103
What do highly organized enzymes in th einner membranes of the mitochondira break down
Protein, fat, carbs
104
During which subphase of Mitosis do the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and bring to regulate the formation of mitotic spindle?
Prophase
105
What causes an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell?
Enzymes
106
Tasks of cytoplasm
Assembles proteins, carbs, and fats
Breaks down organic material to produce energy
Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell
Eliminates waste
107
What type of tissue are hand and nails
Acellular
108
During mitosis, which page is the actual DNA sythesis period?
S
109
During what phase of Mitosis are the centromeres severed, followed by the sister chromatids moving apart and are then subsequently pulled toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle
Anaphase
110
Highly coiled strand that is one of two duplicated portions of DNA in a replicated chromosome that appears during cell division
Chromatid
111
What is the amount of inherent filtration in x-ray tube?
0.5mm
