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Rad Bio > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

An EfD limiting system has been incorporated into what title of Federal Regulations

A

Title 10, Part 20

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2
Q

Title 10, Part 20 is a document prepared and distributed by the:

A

US Office of the Federal Register

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3
Q

What is the basis of the EfD Limiting System

A

Concept of radiation exposure and of the assiocated risk of radiation-induced malignancy

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4
Q

What reports revised the EfD limiting system

A

NCRP Report 116
ICRP Report 60

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5
Q

What is in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations besides dose limits

A

Rules and regulations of the NRC and fundamental radiation protection standards governing occupational radiation exposure

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6
Q

Reasons medical imaging professionals must be familiar with previous, exisiting, and new guidelines for radiation safety

A

Share the responsibility for patient safety

Subject to radiation exposure in the performance of their duties

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7
Q

How many organizations are responsible for evaluating the relationship between radiation EqD and induced biologic effects

A

4

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8
Q

What are the 4 radiation protection standards organizations?

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)

National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (NAS/NRC-BEIR)

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9
Q

What organization evaluates information on biological effects of radiation and provides radiation protection guidance through general recommendations on occupational and public dose limits

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection

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10
Q

Organization that reviews regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides ways to include those recommendations in US radiation protection criteria

A

NCRP

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11
Q

Organization that evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposure and derives radiation risk assessments from epidemiologic data and research conclusions; provides information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation

A

UNSCEAR

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12
Q

Organization that reviews studies of biological effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation

A

NAS/NRC-BEIR

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13
Q

Objectives of the NCRP (Public Law 88-376)

A

1.Collect, analyze, develop and desseminate information about radiaiton measurements concerned with radiation protection

  1. Provide a means by which organizations may cooperate for utilization of their combined resources
  2. Develop basic concepts about radiation quantities and protection
  3. Cooperate with ICRP and other national/international organizations
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14
Q

US regulatory agencies

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

Agreement states

Enivronmental Protection Agency (EPA)

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

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15
Q

Organization that oversees the nuclear energy industry, enforces radiation protection standards, publishes its rules and regulations to Title 10, and enters into agreements with state govementments that permit the state to license and regulate the use of radioisotopes and certain other material within the state

A

NRC

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16
Q

Enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments

A

Agreeable states

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17
Q

Facilitiates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment

A

EPA

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18
Q

Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products, including x-ray equipment

A

FDA

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19
Q

Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominately in industry

A

OSHA

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20
Q

Facilities providing imaging services must have an effective and detailed:

A

Radiation safety program

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21
Q

Steps for implementing an effective radiation safety progarm

A

Begins with administration personnel

Executives must provide the resources for creating and maintaing the program

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22
Q

Functions of Radiation Safety Committee

A

Provides guidance for the program

Facilitates ongoing operation of program

Selects a qualified person to serve as a radiation safety officer

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23
Q

Who is responsible for the oversee of the program’s daily operations and provides for a formal review of the program each year

A

RSO

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24
Q

RSO is normally a:

A

Medical physicist
Health physicist
Radiologist
Qualified through experience and training

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25
Q

RSO has been designated by a health care facility and approved by:

A

NRC and the state

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26
Q

Develops radiation safety program that follows internationally accepted guidelines

A

RSO

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27
Q

Who grants the RSO the authority necessary to implement and enforce policies of the radiation safety program

A

Management of the facility

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28
Q

Other responsibilities of RSO:

A

Review and maintain monitoring records for all personnel

Be available to provide counseling

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29
Q

Necessary training and experience for an RSO are described in what sections of the Code of Federal Regulations:

A

10 CFR 35.50
10 CFR 35.900

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30
Q

What are the three training pathways for an RSO

A

Certification by one of the professional boards approved by the NRC

Didactic and work experience as described in the regulations

Identification as an authorized user, authorized medical physicist, or authorized nuclear physicist on the license, with experience in the types of uses for which the individual has RSO responsibilities

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31
Q

10 CFR 35.24 requires that the licensee provide the RSO:

A

Sufficient authority

Organizational freedom

Management prerogative to perform specific duties

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32
Q

A radiation safety officer in a health care facility must have sufficient authority, organizational freedom, and management prerogative to

A

Identify radiation safety problems

Initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action

Stop unsafe operations involving by-product material

Verify implementation of corrective actions

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33
Q

The authority, duties, and responsibilites of the RSO must be established in:

A

Writing

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34
Q

Why does the NRC require the name of the RSO on the facilities radioactive materials license

A

To ensure that licensee management has always identified a responsible, qualified person who can directly interact with the NRC during inspections and also concerning any inquiries about the facility’s safety program

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35
Q

Usually the RSO is a ________ employee

A

Full-time

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36
Q

Purpose of Radiaition Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968

A

To protect the public from the hazards of unnessary radiation exposure resulting from electronic products such as microwave ovens and picture tube colors TVs

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37
Q

Radiation Control for Health and Safety 1968 permitted the estatblishment of:

A

The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)

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38
Q

CDRH falls under the jurisdiction of the:

A

FDA

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39
Q

CDRH is responsible for:

A

Conducting an ongoing electronic product radiation control program

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40
Q

What law is strictly an equipment performance standards

A

Law 90-602

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41
Q

Code of Standards for Diagnostic X-ray Equipment went into effect on:

A

Aug 1, 1974

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42
Q

ALARA concept was put forth in what year and by who

A

1954 by the NCRP

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43
Q

ALARA is also known as

A

Optimization

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44
Q

The continuation of good radiation protection programs and practicies which traditionally have been effective in keeping the average and individual exposures for monitoring workers below the limit

A

ALARA

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45
Q

To define ALARA, health care facilities ususally adopt investigational levels:

A

1 and 2

46
Q

What type of dose-response curve is ALARA

A

Linear nonthreshold

47
Q

What was in the FDA White Paper published in Feb 2010

A

Each patient should get the right imaging exam, at the right time, with the right radiation dose

48
Q

What launch did the FDA announce in the White Paper

A

A cooperative initiative to reduce unnessesary exposure from medical imaging

49
Q

What act established minimal standards for the accredidation of education programs for people who perform radiologic procedures and certification of such people

A

Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981

50
Q

What is the purpose of the Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act

A

Ensure that standard medical and dental radiologic procedures adhere to rigorous safety precautions and standards

51
Q

What reports reads “To prevent the occurrence of serious radiation-induced conditions in exposed persons and to reduce stochastic effects in exposed persons to a degree that is acceptable in relation to the benefits to the individual and to society from activities that generate such exposures”

A

NCRP Report No 116

52
Q

Categories of radiation-induced responses

A

Deterministic effects
Stochastic effects

53
Q

Biological somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be directly related to the dose received

A

Deterministic effects

54
Q

Type of effects where the severity of the biologic damage increases as the dose increases

A

Deterministic effects

55
Q

Mutational, nonthreshold, randomly occuring biologic somatic effects

A

Stochasic effects

56
Q

Changes to somatic cells that would affect the individual when the cells divide

A

Mutational

57
Q

Changes to germ cells that would affect future generations

A

Genetic

58
Q

Examples of stochasic effects

A

Cancer
Genetic alterations

59
Q

Dose-response curves used to represent stochastic effects

A

Linear nonthreshold and linear quadratic

60
Q

Types of early deterministic effects

A

Erythema
Blood changes
Epilation
ARS

61
Q

Types of late deterministic effects

A

Cataracts
Fibrosis
Organ atrophy
Loss of parenchymal cells
Reduced fetility
Sterility

62
Q

Two objectives of radiation protection

A
  1. To pevent any clinically important radiation-induced deterministic effect from occurring by adhering to dose limits that are beneath threshold levels
  2. To limit the risk of stochastic responses to a conservative level as weighted against societal needs, values, benefits acquired, and economic considerations
63
Q

Current radiaton protection philosophy is based on the assumption that what type of relationship exists between radiation dose and biologic response

A

Linear nonthreshold

64
Q

Ionizing radiation possesses a beneficial and a ________ potential

A

Destructive (benefit must outweigh the risk)

65
Q

The probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity

A

Risk (general terms)

66
Q

Possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect

A

Risk (medical imaging)

67
Q

Current method used for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to radiation works and the general public

A

EfD Limiting System

68
Q

EfD limit concerns the upper boundary dose of ionizing radiation that results in a negligible risk of:

A

Bodily injury or hereditary damage

69
Q

EfD limits may be expressed for:

A

Whole-body exposure
Partial-body exposure
Exposure of individual organs

70
Q

Upper limits are designed to minimize the risk to humans in terms of:

A

Deterministic and stochastic effects

71
Q

Upper limits do not include

A

Natural background and medical exposure

72
Q

Occupational risk is generally estimated to be a ____% chance of fatal accident over an entire career

A

2.5%

73
Q

Mental retardation increased for fetal doses greater than:

A

.4 Sv

74
Q

Greatest risk for radiation-induced mental retardation occured when the embryo-fetus was exposed __ to __ weeks after conception

A

8-15

75
Q

What tissue/organs have a tissue weighting factor of .01

A

Bone surface
Skin

76
Q

What tissue/organs have a tissue weighting factor of .05

A

Bladder
Breast
Liver
Esophagus
Thyroid

77
Q

What tissue/organs have a tissue weighting factor of .12

A

Red bone marrow
Colon
Lung
Stomach

78
Q

What tissue/organs have a tissue weighting factor of .20

A

Gonads

79
Q

Annual occupational EfD limit

A

50 mSv

80
Q

Lifetime EfD limit

A

Should not exceed 10 times the occupationally exposed person’s age in years

81
Q

Has been designed for use in the description of population or group exposure from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation

A

Collective EfD

82
Q

Is determined as the product of the average EfD for an individual belonging to the exposed population or group and the number of persons exposed

A

Collective EfD

83
Q

What is the unit used for Collective EfD

A

Person-sievert

84
Q

Annual EfD (for general public) limit for continous or frequent exposures from artifical sources other than medical and national background radiation

A

1 mSv

85
Q

Annual EfD limit (general public) for infrequent exposures

A

5 mSv

86
Q

EqD for pregnant radiation workers

A

.5 mSv per month
5.0 mSv for entire pregnancy (after declaration)

87
Q

EfD limit for any education and training of individuals under 18 is:

A

1 mSv annually

88
Q

Dose limits for cystalline lens of the eye

A

150 mSv

89
Q

Dose limits for localized areas of the skin, hands, and feet

A

500 mSv

90
Q

Annual negligible individual dose is

A

.01 mSv/year

91
Q

Personnel dosimeter readings should be well below ____ of the maximum EfD limits

A

1/10

92
Q

What is the purpose of internal action limits in health care facilities

A

Meant to trigger an investigation that should uncover the reason for any unusually high exposure

93
Q

Who must be an active participant in an ongoing program that is designed to prevent personnel from receiving anywhere near the maximum allowed exposures

A

RSO and imaging department manager

94
Q

What is the radiation hormesis effect

A

Beneficial consequence of radiation for populations continously exposed to moderately high levels of radiation

95
Q

Must ensure that the facility’s operational radiation practices are such that all people are adequately protected from unnessesary exposure

A

RSO

96
Q

NCRP is not an __________ agency

A

Enforcement

97
Q

Enactment of the NRCP’s recommendations lies wthin what agencies

A

Federal and state

98
Q

NRC was formally known as:

A

Atomic Energy Commission

99
Q

Who is responsible for regulations concerning an employee’s “right to know” about hazards

A

OSHA

100
Q

What organization is the international authority on the safe use of sources of ionizing radation

A

ICRP

101
Q

How many active members are in the ICRP

A

12

102
Q

How many committees are in the ICRP

A

4

103
Q

ICRP is not an __________ agency

A

Enforcement

104
Q

Agency that has the authority to control the possession, use, and production of atomic energy in the interest of national security

A

NRC

105
Q

Users of radioactive material must be licensed by:

A

NRC

106
Q

What does NARM stand for

A

Naturally occurring and/or accelerator produced radioactive materials

107
Q

What are NARMs

A

Thallium 201
Palladium 103

108
Q

What are the responsibilities of the executives to run an effective radiation safety program

A

Delegate funds
Oversee policies and procedures
Provide equipment

109
Q

Provisions for Code of Standards for Diagnostic X-ray Equipment

A
  1. PBL
  2. Permanent filtration
  3. Reproducibility and linearity
  4. Spot films during fluoro
  5. Beam on indicators
  6. Manual back up timers
110
Q

In the US, the ALARA levels are usually __ to __ of the regulatory limits

A

1/10 to 3/10

111
Q

Erythema and cataract formation have a high probability when entrance radiation doses exceed:

A

2 Gy

112
Q

Rad Tech dosimeter should be below __ of max effective dose limits

A

1/10

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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