Chapter 10 Flashcards by Rachel Brenner

An EfD limiting system has been incorporated into what title of Federal Regulations

Title 10, Part 20

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Title 10, Part 20 is a document prepared and distributed by the:

US Office of the Federal Register

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What is the basis of the EfD Limiting System

Concept of radiation exposure and of the assiocated risk of radiation-induced malignancy

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What reports revised the EfD limiting system

NCRP Report 116
ICRP Report 60

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What is in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations besides dose limits

Rules and regulations of the NRC and fundamental radiation protection standards governing occupational radiation exposure

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Reasons medical imaging professionals must be familiar with previous, exisiting, and new guidelines for radiation safety

Share the responsibility for patient safety

Subject to radiation exposure in the performance of their duties

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How many organizations are responsible for evaluating the relationship between radiation EqD and induced biologic effects

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What are the 4 radiation protection standards organizations?

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)

National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (NAS/NRC-BEIR)

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What organization evaluates information on biological effects of radiation and provides radiation protection guidance through general recommendations on occupational and public dose limits

International Commission on Radiological Protection

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Organization that reviews regulations formulated by the ICRP and decides ways to include those recommendations in US radiation protection criteria

NCRP

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Organization that evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposure and derives radiation risk assessments from epidemiologic data and research conclusions; provides information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation

UNSCEAR

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Organization that reviews studies of biological effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation

NAS/NRC-BEIR

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Objectives of the NCRP (Public Law 88-376)

1.Collect, analyze, develop and desseminate information about radiaiton measurements concerned with radiation protection

Provide a means by which organizations may cooperate for utilization of their combined resources
Develop basic concepts about radiation quantities and protection
Cooperate with ICRP and other national/international organizations

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US regulatory agencies

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

Agreement states

Enivronmental Protection Agency (EPA)

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

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Organization that oversees the nuclear energy industry, enforces radiation protection standards, publishes its rules and regulations to Title 10, and enters into agreements with state govementments that permit the state to license and regulate the use of radioisotopes and certain other material within the state

NRC

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Enforce radiation protection regulations through their respective health departments

Agreeable states

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Facilitiates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment

EPA

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Conducts an ongoing product radiation control program, regulating the design and manufacture of electronic products, including x-ray equipment

FDA

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Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, predominately in industry

OSHA

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Facilities providing imaging services must have an effective and detailed:

Radiation safety program

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Steps for implementing an effective radiation safety progarm

Begins with administration personnel

Executives must provide the resources for creating and maintaing the program

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Functions of Radiation Safety Committee

Provides guidance for the program

Facilitates ongoing operation of program

Selects a qualified person to serve as a radiation safety officer

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Who is responsible for the oversee of the program’s daily operations and provides for a formal review of the program each year

RSO

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RSO is normally a:

Medical physicist
Health physicist
Radiologist
Qualified through experience and training

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RSO has been designated by a health care facility and approved by:

NRC and the state

Develops radiation safety program that follows internationally accepted guidelines

RSO

Who grants the RSO the authority necessary to implement and enforce policies of the radiation safety program

Management of the facility

Other responsibilities of RSO:

Review and maintain monitoring records for all personnel Be available to provide counseling

Necessary training and experience for an RSO are described in what sections of the Code of Federal Regulations:

10 CFR 35.50 10 CFR 35.900

What are the three training pathways for an RSO

Certification by one of the professional boards approved by the NRC Didactic and work experience as described in the regulations Identification as an authorized user, authorized medical physicist, or authorized nuclear physicist on the license, with experience in the types of uses for which the individual has RSO responsibilities

10 CFR 35.24 requires that the licensee provide the RSO:

Sufficient authority Organizational freedom Management prerogative to perform specific duties

A radiation safety officer in a health care facility must have sufficient authority, organizational freedom, and management prerogative to

Identify radiation safety problems Initiate, recommend, or provide corrective action Stop unsafe operations involving by-product material Verify implementation of corrective actions

The authority, duties, and responsibilites of the RSO must be established in:

Writing

Why does the NRC require the name of the RSO on the facilities radioactive materials license

To ensure that licensee management has always identified a responsible, qualified person who can directly interact with the NRC during inspections and also concerning any inquiries about the facility's safety program

Usually the RSO is a ________ employee

Full-time

Purpose of Radiaition Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968

To protect the public from the hazards of unnessary radiation exposure resulting from electronic products such as microwave ovens and picture tube colors TVs

Radiation Control for Health and Safety 1968 permitted the estatblishment of:

The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)

CDRH falls under the jurisdiction of the:

FDA

CDRH is responsible for:

Conducting an ongoing electronic product radiation control program

What law is strictly an equipment performance standards

Law 90-602

Code of Standards for Diagnostic X-ray Equipment went into effect on:

Aug 1, 1974

ALARA concept was put forth in what year and by who

1954 by the NCRP

ALARA is also known as

Optimization

The continuation of good radiation protection programs and practicies which traditionally have been effective in keeping the average and individual exposures for monitoring workers below the limit

ALARA

To define ALARA, health care facilities ususally adopt investigational levels:

1 and 2

What type of dose-response curve is ALARA

Linear nonthreshold

What was in the FDA White Paper published in Feb 2010

Each patient should get the right imaging exam, at the right time, with the right radiation dose

What launch did the FDA announce in the White Paper

A cooperative initiative to reduce unnessesary exposure from medical imaging

What act established minimal standards for the accredidation of education programs for people who perform radiologic procedures and certification of such people

Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981

What is the purpose of the Consumer-Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act

Ensure that standard medical and dental radiologic procedures adhere to rigorous safety precautions and standards

What reports reads "To prevent the occurrence of serious radiation-induced conditions in exposed persons and to reduce stochastic effects in exposed persons to a degree that is acceptable in relation to the benefits to the individual and to society from activities that generate such exposures"

NCRP Report No 116

Categories of radiation-induced responses

Deterministic effects Stochastic effects

Biological somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be directly related to the dose received

Deterministic effects

Type of effects where the severity of the biologic damage increases as the dose increases

Deterministic effects

Mutational, nonthreshold, randomly occuring biologic somatic effects

Stochasic effects

Changes to somatic cells that would affect the individual when the cells divide

Mutational

Changes to germ cells that would affect future generations

Genetic

Examples of stochasic effects

Cancer Genetic alterations

Dose-response curves used to represent stochastic effects

Linear nonthreshold and linear quadratic

Types of early deterministic effects

Erythema Blood changes Epilation ARS

Types of late deterministic effects

Cataracts Fibrosis Organ atrophy Loss of parenchymal cells Reduced fetility Sterility

Two objectives of radiation protection

1. To pevent any clinically important radiation-induced deterministic effect from occurring by adhering to dose limits that are beneath threshold levels 2. To limit the risk of stochastic responses to a conservative level as weighted against societal needs, values, benefits acquired, and economic considerations

Current radiaton protection philosophy is based on the assumption that what type of relationship exists between radiation dose and biologic response

Linear nonthreshold

Ionizing radiation possesses a beneficial and a ________ potential

Destructive (benefit must outweigh the risk)

The probability of injury, ailment, or death resulting from an activity

Risk (general terms)

Possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect

Risk (medical imaging)

Current method used for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to radiation works and the general public

EfD Limiting System

EfD limit concerns the upper boundary dose of ionizing radiation that results in a negligible risk of:

Bodily injury or hereditary damage

EfD limits may be expressed for:

Whole-body exposure Partial-body exposure Exposure of individual organs

Upper limits are designed to minimize the risk to humans in terms of:

Deterministic and stochastic effects

Upper limits do not include

Natural background and medical exposure

Occupational risk is generally estimated to be a ____% chance of fatal accident over an entire career

2.5%

Mental retardation increased for fetal doses greater than:

.4 Sv

Greatest risk for radiation-induced mental retardation occured when the embryo-fetus was exposed __ to __ weeks after conception

8-15

What tissue/organs have a tissue weighting factor of .01

Bone surface Skin

What tissue/organs have a tissue weighting factor of .05

Bladder Breast Liver Esophagus Thyroid

What tissue/organs have a tissue weighting factor of .12

Red bone marrow Colon Lung Stomach

What tissue/organs have a tissue weighting factor of .20

Gonads

Annual occupational EfD limit

50 mSv

Lifetime EfD limit

Should not exceed 10 times the occupationally exposed person's age in years

Has been designed for use in the description of population or group exposure from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation

Collective EfD

Is determined as the product of the average EfD for an individual belonging to the exposed population or group and the number of persons exposed

Collective EfD

What is the unit used for Collective EfD

Person-sievert

Annual EfD (for general public) limit for continous or frequent exposures from artifical sources other than medical and national background radiation

1 mSv

Annual EfD limit (general public) for infrequent exposures

5 mSv

EqD for pregnant radiation workers

.5 mSv per month 5.0 mSv for entire pregnancy (after declaration)

EfD limit for any education and training of individuals under 18 is:

1 mSv annually

Dose limits for cystalline lens of the eye

150 mSv

Dose limits for localized areas of the skin, hands, and feet

500 mSv

Annual negligible individual dose is

.01 mSv/year

Personnel dosimeter readings should be well below ____ of the maximum EfD limits

1/10

What is the purpose of internal action limits in health care facilities

Meant to trigger an investigation that should uncover the reason for any unusually high exposure

Who must be an active participant in an ongoing program that is designed to prevent personnel from receiving anywhere near the maximum allowed exposures

RSO and imaging department manager

What is the radiation hormesis effect

Beneficial consequence of radiation for populations continously exposed to moderately high levels of radiation

Must ensure that the facility's operational radiation practices are such that all people are adequately protected from unnessesary exposure

RSO

NCRP is not an __________ agency

Enforcement

Enactment of the NRCP's recommendations lies wthin what agencies

Federal and state

NRC was formally known as:

Atomic Energy Commission

Who is responsible for regulations concerning an employee's "right to know" about hazards

OSHA

What organization is the international authority on the safe use of sources of ionizing radation

ICRP

How many active members are in the ICRP

How many committees are in the ICRP

ICRP is not an __________ agency

Enforcement

Agency that has the authority to control the possession, use, and production of atomic energy in the interest of national security

NRC

Users of radioactive material must be licensed by:

NRC

What does NARM stand for

Naturally occurring and/or accelerator produced radioactive materials

What are NARMs

Thallium 201 Palladium 103

What are the responsibilities of the executives to run an effective radiation safety program

Delegate funds Oversee policies and procedures Provide equipment

Provisions for Code of Standards for Diagnostic X-ray Equipment

1. PBL 2. Permanent filtration 3. Reproducibility and linearity 4. Spot films during fluoro 5. Beam on indicators 6. Manual back up timers

In the US, the ALARA levels are usually __ to __ of the regulatory limits

1/10 to 3/10

Erythema and cataract formation have a high probability when entrance radiation doses exceed:

2 Gy

Rad Tech dosimeter should be below __ of max effective dose limits

1/10