Chapter 12

Question 1

During a diagnostic x-ray procedure, a ________ approach to patient care is essential

Answer 1

Holistic

Question 2

Holistic patient care must begin with:

Answer 2

Effective communication between the radiographer and the patient

Question 3

Benefits of effective communication

Answer 3

Alleviates patients uneasiness
Increases the likelihood of full cooperation and successful completion of the procedure

Question 4

What are two types of effective communication

Answer 4

Verbal messages and body language

Question 5

What are nonverbal messages

Answer 5

Unconscious actions or body language

Question 6

Consequences of blurred images

Answer 6

Repeat image
Additional exposure to patient

Question 7

Patient motion can be minimized by

Answer 7

Immobilization
Motion reduction techniques

Question 8

Types of patient motion

Answer 8

Voluntary
Involuntary

Question 9

Whenever possible, the following areas should be selectively shielded from the useful beam

Answer 9

Lens of the eye
Breasts
Reproductive organs

Question 10

Gonadal shielding should be used when the reproductive organs are within ____ cm of the collimate beam

Answer 10

5cm

Question 11

Gonadal shielding should be used as a ________ protective measure

Answer 11

Secondary

Question 12

What is the first step in gonadal protection

Answer 12

Collimation

Question 13

Female reproductive organs receivce ___ times more exposure during a procedure involving the pelvic region than males

Answer 13

3x

Question 14

1mm lead flat contact shields for females reduces exposure by about:

Answer 14

50%

Question 15

1mm lead flat contact shields for males reduces exposure by about:

Answer 15

90-95%

Question 16

What landmark should be used for male gonadal shielding

Answer 16

Pubic symphysis

Question 17

What landmark should be used for female gonadal shielding

Answer 17

ASIS

Question 18

Where should female gonadal sheiding be placed

Answer 18

1” medial to ASIS

Question 19

Types of gonadal shielding

Answer 19

Flat contact
Shadow shield
Shaped contact
Clear lead

Question 20

Benefit of specific area shielding

Answer 20

Minimizes the number of potentially deleterious x-ray-induced mutations expressed in future generations

Question 21

For both digital and nondigital images, a high quality images has:

Answer 21

Sufficient brightness
Subject contrast
High spatial resolution
Minimal distortion

Question 22

Technical exposure factor considerations

Answer 22

Mass per unit volume of tissue of the area of interest

Effective atomic numbers and electron densities of the tissues involved

Type of IR

SID

Filtration type

Generator type

Balance of brightness and contrast required

Question 23

What technical factors should be used to reduce dose to the patient

Answer 23

High kVp and low mAs

Question 24

A quality control program must inlude:

Answer 24

Regular monitoring and maintenance of all processing and image display equipment

Question 25

What technique is used instead of a grid

Answer 25

Air Gap

Question 26

What kVp are air gap techniques the most useful

Answer 26

Less than 90

Question 27

For chest radiography, air gap techniques can be successful at what kVp

Answer 27

120-140

Question 28

Benefits of a repeat analysis program

Answer 28

Increases awareness among staff and student radiographers Radiographers become more careful In-service eduation programs covering problem areas can be implemented

Question 29

Responsibility for ordering a radiologic examination lies within the:

Answer 29

Referring physician

Question 30

What are the patient radiation amount specifications for diagnostic imaging procedures

Answer 30

Entrance skin expsoure (ESE) Skin dose Bone marrow dose

Question 31

What dose measurement is the most frequently reported because it is the simplest to determine

Answer 31

ESE

Question 32

What dose measurement cannot be measured accurately by a direct method; it can only be estimated

Answer 32

Bone marrow dose

Question 33

What is the estimated GSD in the United States?

Answer 33

.2 mSv

Question 34

Who determines the absored EqD for the embryo-fetus

Answer 34

RSO or medical physicist

Question 35

Who created the Image Wisely campaign

Answer 35

Joint Task Force AAPM ASRT

Question 36

What is the objective of the Image Wisely campaign

Answer 36

Lowering the amount of radiation used in medically necessary procedures

Question 37

Children are much more vulnerable to what type of radiation effects

Answer 37

Late somatic and genetic

Question 38

What is the official position of the ACR regarding abdominal radiological exams for pregnant patients?

Answer 38

Exams requested after full consideration of pregnancy need not be postponed or selectively scheduled

Question 39

Medical procedures result in fetal exposures of:

Answer 39

Less than .01 Gy

Question 40

Risk is considered negligible at a fetal absorbed dose of:

Answer 40

5 cGy or less

Question 41

The chance of malformations is signficantly increased above control levels only at doses beyond:

Answer 41

15 cGy

Question 42

Damage to newborns is unlikely for doses below:

Answer 42

.2 Gy