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Rad Bio > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

During a diagnostic x-ray procedure, a ________ approach to patient care is essential

A

Holistic

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2
Q

Holistic patient care must begin with:

A

Effective communication between the radiographer and the patient

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3
Q

Benefits of effective communication

A

Alleviates patients uneasiness
Increases the likelihood of full cooperation and successful completion of the procedure

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4
Q

What are two types of effective communication

A

Verbal messages and body language

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5
Q

What are nonverbal messages

A

Unconscious actions or body language

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6
Q

Consequences of blurred images

A

Repeat image
Additional exposure to patient

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7
Q

Patient motion can be minimized by

A

Immobilization
Motion reduction techniques

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8
Q

Types of patient motion

A

Voluntary
Involuntary

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9
Q

Whenever possible, the following areas should be selectively shielded from the useful beam

A

Lens of the eye
Breasts
Reproductive organs

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10
Q

Gonadal shielding should be used when the reproductive organs are within ____ cm of the collimate beam

A

5cm

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11
Q

Gonadal shielding should be used as a ________ protective measure

A

Secondary

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12
Q

What is the first step in gonadal protection

A

Collimation

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13
Q

Female reproductive organs receivce ___ times more exposure during a procedure involving the pelvic region than males

A

3x

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14
Q

1mm lead flat contact shields for females reduces exposure by about:

A

50%

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15
Q

1mm lead flat contact shields for males reduces exposure by about:

A

90-95%

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16
Q

What landmark should be used for male gonadal shielding

A

Pubic symphysis

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17
Q

What landmark should be used for female gonadal shielding

A

ASIS

18
Q

Where should female gonadal sheiding be placed

A

1” medial to ASIS

19
Q

Types of gonadal shielding

A

Flat contact
Shadow shield
Shaped contact
Clear lead

20
Q

Benefit of specific area shielding

A

Minimizes the number of potentially deleterious x-ray-induced mutations expressed in future generations

21
Q

For both digital and nondigital images, a high quality images has:

A

Sufficient brightness
Subject contrast
High spatial resolution
Minimal distortion

22
Q

Technical exposure factor considerations

A

Mass per unit volume of tissue of the area of interest

Effective atomic numbers and electron densities of the tissues involved

Type of IR

SID

Filtration type

Generator type

Balance of brightness and contrast required

23
Q

What technical factors should be used to reduce dose to the patient

A

High kVp and low mAs

24
Q

A quality control program must inlude:

A

Regular monitoring and maintenance of all processing and image display equipment

25
Q

What technique is used instead of a grid

A

Air Gap

26
Q

What kVp are air gap techniques the most useful

A

Less than 90

27
Q

For chest radiography, air gap techniques can be successful at what kVp

A

120-140

28
Q

Benefits of a repeat analysis program

A

Increases awareness among staff and student radiographers

Radiographers become more careful

In-service eduation programs covering problem areas can be implemented

29
Q

Responsibility for ordering a radiologic examination lies within the:

A

Referring physician

30
Q

What are the patient radiation amount specifications for diagnostic imaging procedures

A

Entrance skin expsoure (ESE)
Skin dose
Bone marrow dose

31
Q

What dose measurement is the most frequently reported because it is the simplest to determine

A

ESE

32
Q

What dose measurement cannot be measured accurately by a direct method; it can only be estimated

A

Bone marrow dose

33
Q

What is the estimated GSD in the United States?

A

.2 mSv

34
Q

Who determines the absored EqD for the embryo-fetus

A

RSO or medical physicist

35
Q

Who created the Image Wisely campaign

A

Joint Task Force
AAPM
ASRT

36
Q

What is the objective of the Image Wisely campaign

A

Lowering the amount of radiation used in medically necessary procedures

37
Q

Children are much more vulnerable to what type of radiation effects

A

Late somatic and genetic

38
Q

What is the official position of the ACR regarding abdominal radiological exams for pregnant patients?

A

Exams requested after full consideration of pregnancy need not be postponed or selectively scheduled

39
Q

Medical procedures result in fetal exposures of:

A

Less than .01 Gy

40
Q

Risk is considered negligible at a fetal absorbed dose of:

A

5 cGy or less

41
Q

The chance of malformations is signficantly increased above control levels only at doses beyond:

A

15 cGy

42
Q

Damage to newborns is unlikely for doses below:

A

.2 Gy

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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