Chapter 12 Flashcards
During a diagnostic x-ray procedure, a ________ approach to patient care is essential
Holistic
Holistic patient care must begin with:
Effective communication between the radiographer and the patient
Benefits of effective communication
Alleviates patients uneasiness
Increases the likelihood of full cooperation and successful completion of the procedure
What are two types of effective communication
Verbal messages and body language
What are nonverbal messages
Unconscious actions or body language
Consequences of blurred images
Repeat image
Additional exposure to patient
Patient motion can be minimized by
Immobilization
Motion reduction techniques
Types of patient motion
Voluntary
Involuntary
Whenever possible, the following areas should be selectively shielded from the useful beam
Lens of the eye
Breasts
Reproductive organs
Gonadal shielding should be used when the reproductive organs are within ____ cm of the collimate beam
5cm
Gonadal shielding should be used as a ________ protective measure
Secondary
What is the first step in gonadal protection
Collimation
Female reproductive organs receivce ___ times more exposure during a procedure involving the pelvic region than males
3x
1mm lead flat contact shields for females reduces exposure by about:
50%
1mm lead flat contact shields for males reduces exposure by about:
90-95%
What landmark should be used for male gonadal shielding
Pubic symphysis
What landmark should be used for female gonadal shielding
ASIS
Where should female gonadal sheiding be placed
1” medial to ASIS
Types of gonadal shielding
Flat contact
Shadow shield
Shaped contact
Clear lead
Benefit of specific area shielding
Minimizes the number of potentially deleterious x-ray-induced mutations expressed in future generations
For both digital and nondigital images, a high quality images has:
Sufficient brightness
Subject contrast
High spatial resolution
Minimal distortion
Technical exposure factor considerations
Mass per unit volume of tissue of the area of interest
Effective atomic numbers and electron densities of the tissues involved
Type of IR
SID
Filtration type
Generator type
Balance of brightness and contrast required
What technical factors should be used to reduce dose to the patient
High kVp and low mAs
A quality control program must inlude:
Regular monitoring and maintenance of all processing and image display equipment
What technique is used instead of a grid
Air Gap
What kVp are air gap techniques the most useful
Less than 90
For chest radiography, air gap techniques can be successful at what kVp
120-140
Benefits of a repeat analysis program
Increases awareness among staff and student radiographers
Radiographers become more careful
In-service eduation programs covering problem areas can be implemented
Responsibility for ordering a radiologic examination lies within the:
Referring physician
What are the patient radiation amount specifications for diagnostic imaging procedures
Entrance skin expsoure (ESE)
Skin dose
Bone marrow dose
What dose measurement is the most frequently reported because it is the simplest to determine
ESE
What dose measurement cannot be measured accurately by a direct method; it can only be estimated
Bone marrow dose
What is the estimated GSD in the United States?
.2 mSv
Who determines the absored EqD for the embryo-fetus
RSO or medical physicist
Who created the Image Wisely campaign
Joint Task Force
AAPM
ASRT
What is the objective of the Image Wisely campaign
Lowering the amount of radiation used in medically necessary procedures
Children are much more vulnerable to what type of radiation effects
Late somatic and genetic
What is the official position of the ACR regarding abdominal radiological exams for pregnant patients?
Exams requested after full consideration of pregnancy need not be postponed or selectively scheduled
Medical procedures result in fetal exposures of:
Less than .01 Gy
Risk is considered negligible at a fetal absorbed dose of:
5 cGy or less
The chance of malformations is signficantly increased above control levels only at doses beyond:
15 cGy
Damage to newborns is unlikely for doses below:
.2 Gy
