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Rad Bio > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

If x-rays enter a material, they may:

A
  1. interact with the atoms of the patient
  2. pass through without interaction
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2
Q

Energy transferred from the x-rays to the atoms of the patient’s biologic material

A

Absoprtion

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3
Q

The amount of energy absorbed per unit mass

A

Absorbed dose

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4
Q

A diagnostic x-ray beam is produced when a steam of high-speed _________ bombards a ___________ charged target in a highly evacuated glass tube

A

Electrons
Positively

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5
Q

What is the anode made up of

A

Tungsten (metal)
Rhenium (alloy metal)

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6
Q

Reasons tungsten and rhenium are used as target materials

A

High melting points
High atomic numbers

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7
Q

Built-in filtration

A

Inherent

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8
Q

A certain thickness of added aluminum to harden the beam

A

Added filtration

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9
Q

Removes low-energy x-ray photons

A

Total filtration

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10
Q

What makes up the permanent inherent filtration in the xray tube

A

Glass window and added aluminium

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11
Q

X-ray photon beam that emerges from the x-ray tube and is directed toward the image receptor

A

Primary radiation

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12
Q

The most energetic photons in the beam can have no more energy than the:

A

Electrons that hit the target

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13
Q

The energy of the electrons inside the xray tube is expressed in terms of

A

Electric voltage

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14
Q

In diagnostic radiology the energy of the electrons is expressed in

A

Volts or kV

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15
Q

If an electron is drawn across an electric potential of 1 volt, it has acquired energy of:

A

1 eV

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16
Q

100 kVp means that the electrons bombarding the target have a maxium energy of _____ eV

A

100,000 eV

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17
Q

X-rays of various energies are produced, but the most energetic x-ray photons can have no more energy than:

A

100 keV

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18
Q

The energy of the average photon is ___ of the energy of the most energetic photon

A

1/3

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19
Q

Some primary photons will traverse the patient without interacting

A

Direct transmission

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20
Q

Other primary photons can undergo _______ or _______ interactions and as a result may be scattered or deflected.

A

Compton or Coherent

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21
Q

Type of transmission where photons that interact with the patient but still strike the IR

A

Indirect transmission

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22
Q

Optimal x-ray image is formed only when ______ xray photons hit the IR

A

Direct transmission

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23
Q

Small-angle scatter events cause this effect on the IR

A

Fog

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24
Q

What is one way to reduce fog?

A

Collimate

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25
Q

How many types of x-radiation and matter are possible

A

5

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26
Q

Only __ out of 5 interactions between x-radiation and matter are important in diagnostic radiology

A

2/5

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27
Q

A simple process that results in no loss of energy as x-rays scatter

A

Coherent scattering

28
Q

When does Coherent scattering occur

A

Low-energy photons, less than 10 keV

29
Q

Because the wavelengths of both _______ and ______ waves are the same, no net energy has been absobred

A

Incident
Scattered

30
Q

How does Rayleigh and Thompson scattering effect radiography

A

It doesn’t

31
Q

Other names for Coherent scattering

A

Classical
Elastic
Unmodified

32
Q

What kVp does photoelectic absorption occur?

A

23-150 kVp

33
Q

What type of scatter is the most important mode of interaction between xray photons and the atoms of the patient’s body for producing useful images

A

Photoelectric

34
Q

What type of interactions causes the Auger effect

A

Photoelectric

35
Q

Who discovered the Auger effect and when

A

Pierre Victor Auger
1925

36
Q

Photoelectric absorption increases as the energy of the photon:

A

Decreases

37
Q

Photoelectric absorption increases as the atomic number of the irradiated atom:

A

Increases

38
Q

The less a give structure attenuates radiation, the ______ will be its radiographic density on a film

A

Greater

39
Q

The more a given structure attenuates, the _______ will be its radiographic density on a film

A

Lesser

40
Q

When radiographic film is no longer used as the primary IR, the term _________ is used in the digital environment

A

IR exposure

41
Q

A monitor function that can change the lightness and darkness of the image on a display monitor

A

Brightness

42
Q

Sets the midpoint of the range of densities visible on the image

A

Window Level

43
Q

The greater the difference in the amount of photoelectric absorption, the _________ the contrast in the image will be

A

Greater

44
Q

As absorption increases, so does the potential for:

A

Biological damage

45
Q

To ensure both radiographic image quality and patient safety, choose the _____ energy x-ray beam that permits adquate contrast

A

Highest

46
Q

Additional names for Compton scattering

A

Incoherent
Inelastic
Modified

47
Q

An interation that occurs at more than 10 MeV in high-energy radiation therapy treatment machines

A

Photodisintegration

48
Q

Type of photons that have undergone either absorption or scatter

A

Attenuated

49
Q

Type of photons that give up all of their energy and cease to exist

A

Absorbed

50
Q

Type of photons that interact with atoms but only surrender part of their energy

A

Scattered

51
Q

A composite Z value by weight for a material that is composed of multiple chemical elements

A

Effective Atomic Number

52
Q

Measured in grams per cubic cm

A

Mass density

53
Q

What causes small angle scatter

A

When the photon interacts with the patient, it causes a bend it the photon’s path

54
Q

Tungsten atomic number

A

74

55
Q

Rhenium atomic number

A

75

56
Q

Filtered x-ray photon beam is known as

A

Primary radiation

57
Q

What does kV measure

A

Voltage on the xray tube

58
Q

What does keV meausre

A

Energy of specific xrays

59
Q

Number of x-rays emitted per inner-shell vacancy

A

Fluorescent yield

60
Q

Barium atomic number

A

56

61
Q

Iodine atomic number

A

53

62
Q

What type of scatter is not dependent on the atomic #

A

Compton

63
Q

Pair production occurs when x-ray photon energy is:

A

1.022 MeV

64
Q

Examples of unstable nuclei used in PET scanning

A

Fluorine
Carbon
Nitrogen

65
Q

What happens during a photodisintegration event

A

High energy photon is absorbed by nucleus of an atom

Atom emits neutrons to regain stability

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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