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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The ability to do work

A

Energy

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2
Q

Kinetic energy that passes from one location to another and can have many manifestations

A

Radiation

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3
Q

Mechanical vibration of materials

A

Ultrasound

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4
Q

Types of EM radiation

A

Radio waves
Microwaves
Infared
Visible light
Ultraviolet
Xrays
Gamma Rays

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5
Q

EM waves are characterized by their:

A

Frequency and
Wavelength

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6
Q

EM radiation can travel through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy

A

Wave-particle duality

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7
Q

EM spectrum is dividied into what 2 parts

A

Ionizing and nonionizing

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8
Q

What EM radiation is ionizing?

A

X-rays
Gamma rays
High-energy UV (higher than 10 ev)

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9
Q

What is ionization?

A

Coversion of atoms to ions

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10
Q

The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of:

A

Radiation dose

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11
Q

Correlates to the absorbed dose in biological tissue with the type and energy of the radiation to which a human has been subjected

A

Equivalent dose

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12
Q

Equivalent dose only applies to what type of radiation

A

Ionizing

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13
Q

What forms of radiation does particulate radiation include?

A

Alpha particles
Beta particles
Neutons
Protons

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14
Q

Subatomic particles that are ejected from atoms at very high speeds

A

Particulate radiation

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15
Q

Particulate radiation possesses enough energy to be capable of causing ionizing by:

A

Direct atomic collision

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16
Q

No ionization occurs when the subatomic particles are:

A

At rest

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17
Q

Alpha particles are emitted from:

A

Nuclei of very heavy elements during the process of radioactive decay

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18
Q

What elements are alpha particles emitted from

A

Uranium and plutonium

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19
Q

How many protons and neutrons in an alpha particle

A

2 protons
2 neutrons

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20
Q

What is the mass of an alpha particle

A

4x the mass of a hydrogen atom

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21
Q

Does an alpha particle have a positive or negative charge?

A

Positive

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22
Q

What is the charge of an Alpha Particle

A

Twice that of an electron

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23
Q

Alpha particles are _____ penetrating than beta particles

A

Less

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24
Q

Alpha particles lose energy: quickly or slowly?

A

Quickly

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25
Q

Alpha particles can be very damaging when absorbed in the _______ tissue

A

Epitheal

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26
Q

Beta rays are identical to:

A

High-speed electrons

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27
Q

What is the weight of a beta particle compared to an alpha particle

A

8000 times lighter

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28
Q

What is the charge of a beta particle

A

-1

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29
Q

Beta particles are capable of penetrating biological matter to a ___________ depth than alpha particles with far less ionization in their path

A

Greater

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30
Q

High-speed electrons that are produced in a radiation oncology treatment machines called a:

A

Linear accelerator

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31
Q

Nonnuclear electrons are used to treat:

A

Superficial skin lesions in small areas

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32
Q

Nonnuclear electrons are used to deliver radiation boost treatments to breast tumors at tissue depth not exceeding:

33
Q

High-speed electrons require what material to absorb them

A

MM of lead
Multicentimeter thick slabs of wood

34
Q

For beta rays energies of less than 2 millielectron volts, what should be used for absorption?

A

1-cm thick block of wood
1-mm thick lead shield

35
Q

Positvely charged component of an atom

36
Q

Protons exceed the mass of an electron by a factor of

37
Q

Z number is

A

of protons
Atomic number

38
Q

Electrically neutral component of an atom

39
Q

Neutrons have appox. the same mass as a:

40
Q

If two atoms have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in their nuclei, they are referred to as

41
Q

If one of these combinations of Z protons and so many neutrons leads to an unstable nucleus, then that combination is referred to as a

A

Radioisotope

42
Q

A radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation

A

Equivalent dose

43
Q

Equivalent dose enables the calculation of the:

A

Effective dose

44
Q

The SI unit of EqD is:

45
Q

Takes into account the dose for all types of ionizing radiation to various irradiated organs or tissues in the human body

A

Effective dose

46
Q

___________ dose takes into account the chance/risk that each of those body parts will develop a radiation-induced cancer.

47
Q

Because ____ dose includes all of the organ weighting factors, it represents the uniform whole-body dose that would give an equivalent biological response or change of cancer

48
Q

Produced by ionizing radiation while pentrating body tissues primarily by ejecting electrons from atoms composing the tissues

A

Biologic damange potential

49
Q

Types of changes from destructive radiation interactions at the atomic level

A

Molecular change
Cellular damage
Organic damage

50
Q

Natural radiation that humans are exposed to

A

Terrestrial
Cosmic
Internal from radioactive atoms

51
Q

Types of Terrestrial radiation

A

Radon
Thoron

52
Q

Types of Cosmic radiation

A

Solar
Galactic

53
Q

Types of manmade radiation

A

Consumer products containing radioactive material
Air travel
Nuclear fuel
Atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing
Nuclear powerplant accidents
Nuclear powerplant accidents due to natural disasters

54
Q

Medical radiation exposure results from the use of:

A

Diagnostic xray machines and pharmaceuticals in medicine

55
Q

The two largest sources of artificial radiation are

A

Diagnostic medical imaging (x-ray,CT, IR, fluoro)
Nuclear medicine procedures

56
Q

Diagnostic xray and nuclear medicine procedures accounted for ___% of the total collective EfD of the US in 2006

57
Q

The amount of radiation received by a patient from diagnostic xray procedures may be indicated in what terms

A

ESE (entrance skin exposure; includes skin and glandular dose)
Bone marrow dose
Gonadal dose

58
Q

What NCRP report reflects usage patterns through 2006?

59
Q

What NCRP report states that medical radiation was estimated to contribute .54mSv to manmade background radiaiton

60
Q

In 2006, the estimated number of medical radiaiton that contributed to manmade background radiation increased by how much?

A

3.0mSv, more than a factor of 5

61
Q

In 1980, use of CT resulted in a collective dose of ____ person-sieverts. In 2006, that number increased to _______

A

3700
440000

62
Q

Current total annual background radiation due to medical radiation

A

6.3 mSv per person

63
Q

Representative entrance and fetal doses for radiographic examinations frequently performed with a:

A

400 speed image receptor

64
Q

Radiation that produces positively and negatively charged particles when passing through matter

A

Ionizing radiation

65
Q

Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Radiation protection

66
Q

Sources of radiation

A

Natural
Manmade/medical

67
Q

Energy range of x-rays

A

.4-400 keV

68
Q

Energy equation for subatomic particles w/mass

A

KE = 1/2mv^2

69
Q

Energy equation for subatomic particles without mass and travel at the SOL

70
Q

Lowest energy on the EM spectrum

71
Q

Highest energy on the EM spectrum

A

Gamma rays

72
Q

Flow of destructive radiation interactions

A

Atomic level - molecular change - cellular damage - abnormal cell function

73
Q

Multicellular damage can cause:

A
  1. Mutations
  2. Cataracts
  3. Leukemia
74
Q

How many sV are needed to cause blood changes

75
Q

How many sV are needed to cause death

76
Q

The highest ESE does comes from what exam

77
Q

The highest bone marrow dose comes from what exam

78
Q

The highest gonadal dose comes from what exam

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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