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Rad Bio > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Radiation-induced damage at the cellular level may lead to what type of damage

A

Somatic and genetic (late effects)

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2
Q

Examples of measurable late biologic damage

A

Cataracts
Leukemia
Genetic mutations

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3
Q

A science that deals with incidence, distriubution, and control of a disease in a population

A

Epidemiology

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4
Q

How are incident rates of irradiation-related malignancies determined

A

Comparing the natural incidence of cancer occuring in a human population with the incidence of cancer occuring in an irradiated population

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5
Q

Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to scientists to use the information from these studies to formulate:

A

Dose-response estimates

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6
Q

What are dose-response estimates used for

A

To predict the risk of cancer in human populations exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation

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7
Q

How are radiation dose-response relationships demonstrated on a graph

A

Observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose of radiation received

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8
Q

What is the x-axis and y-axis of the radiation dose-response relationship curve

A

X-axis: Radiation dose
Y-axis: Biologic effects observed

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9
Q

How is the curve displayed for the radiation dose-response relationship

A

Linear or nonlinear
Threshold or nonthreshold

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10
Q

A point at which a response or reaction to an increasing stimulation first occurs

A

Threshold

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11
Q

What does threshold mean when it comes to ionizing radiation

A

Below a certain level, no biologic effects are observed

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12
Q

Any radiation dose has the capability of producing a biologic effect

A

Nonthreshold

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13
Q

Most stochastic effects and genetic effects at low dose levels from low-LET radiation, appear to follow what type of curve

A

Linear quadratic nonthreshold

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14
Q

BEIR committee recommends the use of what type of curve for most types of cancers

A

Linear nonthreshold

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15
Q

What does the LNT curve imply

A

The biologic response to ionizing radiation is direclty proportional to the dose received

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16
Q

BEIR committee believes the ___________ curve is a more accurate reflection of stochastic somatic and genetic effects

A

Linear-quadratic nonthreshold

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17
Q

Leukemia, breast cancer, and heritable damage are presumed to follow what curve

A

LQNT

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18
Q

Deterministic effects (skin erythema and hematologic depression) may be demonstrated graphically through what type of curve

A

Linear threshold

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19
Q

What type of curve depicts those cases for which a biologic response does not occur below a specific radiation dose

A

Linear threshold

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20
Q

What type of curve is used in radiation therapy to demonstrate high-dose cellular response

A

Sigmoid (nonlinear) threshold

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21
Q

When living organisms that have been exposed to radiation sustain biologic damage, the effects of this exposure are classified as:

A

Somatic effects

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22
Q

2 types of somatic effects

A

Stochastic
Deterministic

23
Q

The probability that the effect happens depends upon the received dose, but the severity of the effect does not

A

Stochastic effects

24
Q

Both the probability and the severity of the effect depend on the dose

A

Deterministic effects

25
Q

Types of late deterministic effects

A

Cataract formations
Fibrosis
Organ atrophy
Loss of parenchymal cells
Reduced fertility
Sterility

26
Q

Types of late stochastic effects

A

Cancer
Genetic effects

27
Q

What effects show up months or years after radiation exposure

A

Late somatic effects

28
Q

No conclusive proof exists that low-level ionizing radiation exposure below _____ causes a significant increase in the risk of malignancy

A

.1 Sv

29
Q

What are the three categories of adverse health consequences that require study at low-levels of exposure

A

Cancer induction
Damage to the unborn
Genetic effects

30
Q

Is carcinogenesis a stochastic or deterministic event

A

Stochastic

31
Q

Is cataractogenesis a stochastic or deterministic event

A

Deterministic

32
Q

Is embyologic a stochastic or deterministic event

A

Stochastic

33
Q

Why is low dose risk not directly measurable in population studies

A

Risk is overshadowed by other causes

Risk is zero

34
Q

This type of model predicts that a specific number of excess cancers will occur as a result of exposure

A

Absolute Risk Model

35
Q

This type of model predicts that the number of excess cancers will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in a population

A

Relative Risk Model

36
Q

1989 BEIR V report supported the _______ model for leukemia only

A

Linear quadratic model

37
Q

Most important late stochastic effect caused by exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Cancer

38
Q

How many years does it take for cancer to develop in humans due to radiation

A

5+ years

39
Q

Incidence of Leukemia has slowly declined; but other malignances have continuted to escalate. This includes a variety of tumors such as:

A

Thyroid
Breast
Lung
Bone

40
Q

In general, Japanese women have a ________ incidence of breast cancer

A

Lower

41
Q

Numerous studies of female survivors indicate a relative risk for breast cancer ranging from:

A

4:1 to 10:1

42
Q

According to studies from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for every 300 atomic bomb survivors, 1 died of a malignancy attributed to an average whole-body dose of appox:

A

0.14 Sv

43
Q

Radiation-induced leukemia is assumed to follow a _________ dose-response curve

A

LNT

44
Q

What was originally credited with the radiation dose and damage in Hiroshima

A

Neutrons

45
Q

What was the bomb filled with that dropped on Hiroshima

A

Uranium fuel

46
Q

What type of radiation inflicted the population of Hiroshima

A

50% gamma, 50% neutron

47
Q

What type of radiation inflicted the population of Nagasaki

A

10% neutrons, 90% gamma

48
Q

What was in the bomb released over Nagasaki

A

Plutonium

49
Q

What was given to children after the Chernobyl disaster to prevent thyroid cancer

A

Potassium iodide

50
Q

High probability that a single dose of ___ Gy will induce the formation of cataracts

A

2

51
Q

Responsible for genetic mutations

A

Mutagens

52
Q

Causes of genetic mutations

A

Radiation-induced damange to DNA

Natural spontaneous mutations

Resultant genetic disorders or diseases

53
Q

Major types of late effects

A

Carcinogenesis
Cataractogenesis
Emryologic

54
Q

What was the most pronounced health effect observed 10 years following the Chernobyl nuclear accident

A

Increase in thyroid cancer in children

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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