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Rad Bio > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Date x-rays were discovered

A

November 8, 1895

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2
Q

Who discovered x-rays

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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3
Q

What type of tube was used during the discovery of x-rays

A

Crookes tube

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4
Q

What was the paper coated with during the discovery of x-rays

A

Barium platinocyanide

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5
Q

What was the first x-ray picture of

A

Roentgen’s wife’s left hand

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6
Q

Who was the first fatality from x-rays and when

A

Clarence Dally in 1904

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7
Q

Who invented the fluoroscope

A

Thomas Edison

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8
Q

Types of somatic damage

A

Radiodermatitis
Cancer
Blood disorders

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9
Q

What committee was formed to create methods of reducing radiation exposure

A

British X-ray and Radium Protection Committee in 1921

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10
Q

What unit was used to measure radiation dose from 1900 to 1930

A

Skin Erythema Dose

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11
Q

Skin Erythema Dose corresponds to what radiation unit today

A

Gray

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12
Q

Purpose of the First International Congress of Radiology

A

Radiologists from all over the world collaborated on radiation quantities and units

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13
Q

Where and when was the First International Congress of Radiology held

A

London, England in 1925

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14
Q

Where and when was the Second International Congress of Radiology held

A

Stockholm, Sweden in 1928

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15
Q

Early Deterministic Somatic Effects

A

Nausea
Fatigue
Redness of the skin
Intestinal disorders
Fever
Blood disorders
Shedding of skin

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16
Q

Late Deterministic Somatic Effects

A

Cataract formation
Fibrosis
Organ atrophy
Loss of parenchymal cells
Reduced fertility
Sterility

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17
Q

Late Stochastic Effects

A

Cancer
Genetic effects

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18
Q

What committee was formed to formulate recommendations for radiation control

A

US Advisory Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection

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19
Q

What was recommended as a tolerance daily dose limit in 1934

A

.2R/day

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20
Q

What was recommended as a tolerance daily dose limit in 1936

A

.1R/day

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21
Q

What became the internationally accepted unit of measurement for exposure in 1937

A

R

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22
Q

US Advisory Committee of X-ray and Radium Protection became known as the:

A

National Council on Radiaiton Protection and Measurements (NCRP)

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23
Q

What replaced tolerance dose in the early 1950s

A

Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD)

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24
Q

How is exposure measured

A

C/kg

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25
Q

How is Air Kerma measured

A

Gray

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26
Q

How is Abosrbed Dose measured

A

Gray

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27
Q

How is Equivalent Dose measured

A

Sievert

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28
Q

How is Effective Dose mesaured

A

Sievert

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29
Q

Total electrical charge of one sign (all pluses or all minuses) per unit mass that x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 MeV generated in dry air at standard temperature and pressure

A

Exposure

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30
Q

Radiation quantity that expresses the concentration of radiation delivered to a specific area, such as the surface of the human body

A

Exposure

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31
Q

What is used to measure radiation exposure

A

Free-air ionization chamber

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32
Q

The basic unit of electrical charge

A

Coulomb

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33
Q

The SI unit of electrical charge

A

Ampere

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34
Q

What does the Coulomb represent

A

Amount of electrical charge flowing past a point in a circuit in 1 second when an electric current of 1 amp is used

35
Q

What unit of measurement is used for x-ray eqiupment calibration

A

C/kg

36
Q

SI quantity that can be used to express radiation concentration transferred to a point

A

Air Kerma

37
Q

Air Kerma is gradually replacing what term

A

Exposure

38
Q

What does Air Kerma measure

A

Radiation intensity in air

39
Q

Air Kerma is an acronym for Kinetic Energy Release in:

A

Material
Matter
Per unit Mass

40
Q

How is Air Kerma expessed in metric units

A

J/kg

41
Q

How is Gy used differently to indicate kinetic radiation energy absorbed in air verus tissue

A

Gya
Gyt

42
Q

The sum total of Air Kerma over the exposed area of the patient’s surface

A

DAP

43
Q

What unit is DAP measured

A

mGy-cm²

44
Q

Amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object

A

Absorbed Dose

45
Q

Responsible for any biologic damage resulting from exposure of the tissues

A

Absorbed Dose

46
Q

The amount of energy absorbed by a structure depends on:

A
  1. Atomic number
  2. Mass density
  3. Energy of photon
47
Q

SI unit of Absorbed Dose is

A

Gray

48
Q

Centi is what fraction

A

1/100

49
Q

Milli is what fraction

A

1/1000

50
Q

Micro is what fraction

A

1/1,000,000

51
Q

How many rad = 1 cGy

A

1 rad = 1 cGy

52
Q

Total amount of radiant energy transferred by ionizing radiation to the body

A

Surface Integral Dose

53
Q

Surface Integral Dose was also known as

A

Exposure Area Product

54
Q

Equivalent SI unit for Surface Integral Dose is

A

Gy-m²

55
Q

Quantity factor for X-ray

A

1

56
Q

Quantity factor for Beta particles

A

1

57
Q

Quantity factor for Gamma particles

A

1

58
Q

Quantity factor for Fast neutrons

A

20

59
Q

Quantity factor for alpha particles

A

20

60
Q

Amount of energy transferred on average by incident radiation to an object per unit length of track through the object

A

Linear Energy Transfer

61
Q

LET is expressed in units of

A

keV/μm

62
Q

Radiation with a ____ LET transfers a large amount of energy into a small area

A

High

63
Q

What is used to determine Equivalent Dose

A

Radiation Weighting Factor

64
Q

Used for radiation protection purposes to account for differences in biologic impact amount various types of ionizing radiation

A

Radiation Weighting Factor

65
Q

The product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ in the human body and its associated WR chosen for the type and energy of the radiation in question

A

Equivalent Dose

66
Q

Takes into account the relative detriment to each specific organ and tissue

A

Tissue Weighting Factor

67
Q

A value that denotes the percentages of the summed stochastic risk stemming from irradiation of tissue to the all-inclusive risk

A

Tissue weighting factor

68
Q

What is the summed stochastic risk

A

Cancer plus genetic risk

69
Q

Provides a measure of the overall risk of exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Effective dose

70
Q

Incorporates both the effect of the type of radiation used and the variability in radiosensitivity of the organ or body part irradiated

A

Effective dose

71
Q

Used in radiation protection to describe internal and external dose measurements

A

Collective EfD

72
Q

Used to describe radiation exposure of a population or group from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation

A

Collective EfD

73
Q

Radiation unit for Collective EfD

A

Person-sievert

74
Q

Product of the average EfD for an individual belonging to the exposed population or group and the number of persons exposed

A

Collective EfD

75
Q

Radiation dosimetry quantity that was defined by the NRC to monitor and control human exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)

76
Q

The sum of the effective dose equivalent from external radiation exposure and a quantity called committed effective dose equivalent from internal radiation exposures

A

Total Effective Dose Equivalent

77
Q

Used to monitor dose for personnel such as nuclear medicine technologists and interventional radiologists

A

Total Effective Dose Equivalent

78
Q

Exposure measures what type of radiation

A

X-rays
Gamma rays

79
Q

Air Kerma, D, EqD, and EfD all measure what type of radiation

A

All ionizing radiation

80
Q

1 SI exposure unit equals

A

1/(2.58x10^-4) R

81
Q

Received quantity of radiation that causes diffuse redness over an area of skin after irradiation

A

Skin Erythema Dose

82
Q

Radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects

A

Tolerance dose

83
Q

A dose of radiation lower than which an individual has a negligible change of sustaining specific biological damage

A

Threshold dose

84
Q

What report describes the radiation weighting factor as a dimensionless factor that was chosen for radiation protection purposes to account for differences in biologic impact among various types of ionizing radiation

A

Report No. 116

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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