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Rad Bio > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biological damage sustained by living organisms as a consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Somatic Effects

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2
Q

Deterministic somatic effects were formerly called:

A

Nonstochastic somatic effects

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3
Q

Consequences of early somatic effects are:

A

Cell killing

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4
Q

Early somatic effects are _______ related to the dose received

A

Directly

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5
Q

Are early somatic effects threshold or nonthreshold?

A

Threshold - there is a point at which they begin to appear

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6
Q

2 types of late radiation effects

A

Deterministic somatic
Stochastic

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7
Q

Late radiation effects are consequences of

A

High level radiation expsorure or low doses over a long interval of time

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8
Q

Appears within minutes, hours, day, or weeks of the time of radiation expsorue

A

Early deterministic somatic effects

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9
Q

What are early deterministic somatic effects

A

Nausea
Fatigue
Erythema
Epilation
Blood disorders
Intestinal disorders
Fever
Dry and moist desquamation
Depressed sperm count
Temporary or permanent sterility in male or female
Injury to the central nervous system

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10
Q

What is the whole-body dose that can result in early deterministic effects

A

6 Gyt

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11
Q

When does ARS occur

A

Occurs after whole-body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation delivered over a short period of time

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12
Q

Data from studies of population exposed to doses of ionizing radiation sufficient to cause ARS have been obtained from

A

Atomtic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Marshall islanders - atomic bomb test in 1954

Accident victims from Chernobyl

Radiation therapy patients

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13
Q

What are 3 dose-related syndromes of ARS

A

Hematopoietic (bone marrow)
Gastrointestinal
Cerebrovascular

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14
Q

When does Hematopoietic syndome occur

A

From 1-10 Gyt

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15
Q

When does Gastrointestinal syndrome occur

A

Appears at 6 Gyt and peaks after 10 Gyt

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16
Q

When does cerebrovascular sydrome occur

A

50 Gyt or more

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17
Q

Stages of ARS

A

Prodromal
Latent
Manifest illness
Death or Recovery

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18
Q

Average survival time of hematopoietic syndrome

A

6-8 weeks

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19
Q

Symptoms of hematopoietic sydrome

A

Decrease in number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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20
Q

Symptoms of gastrointestinal syndrome

A

Loss of appetite, anemia, leukopenia, hemorrhage, infection, electrolytic inbalance and emaciation

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21
Q

Survival time of cerebrovascular syndrome

A

Several hours - 2 to 3 days

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22
Q

Symptoms of cerebrovascular sydrome

A

Excessive nervousness, confusion, lack of coordination, loss of vision, burning sensation of the skin, loss of consciouness, disorientation, shock, meningitis, respitory distress, coma

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23
Q

Location of Chernobyl power plant accident

A

Soviet Union

24
Q

Date of Chernobyl power plant accident

A

4/26/1986

25
Q

Whole-body doses of ionizing radiation received from Chernobyl power plant accient

A

6 Gyt

26
Q

What is LD 50/30

A

Whole body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days

27
Q

The LD 50/30 for adult humans is

A

3-4 Gy

28
Q

In the repair of sublethal damage, which cells have a better prospect for recovery and why

A

Oxygentated cells - receive more nutrients

29
Q

Appox ___% of radiation damage is irreparable

A

10%

30
Q

A ________ response in biologic tissue can occur when any part of the body receives a high radiation dose

A

Destructive

31
Q

Significant cell death from substantial exposure leads to _______ of organs and tissues

A

Atrophy

32
Q

Organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on

A

Radiosensitivity
Reproductive characteristics
Growth Rate

33
Q

Three layers of the skin

A

Epidermis (outer)
Dermis (middle)
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

34
Q

Accessory structures of the skin

A

Hair follicles
Sensory receptors
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

35
Q

What is epilation

A

Loss of hair

36
Q

Ionizing radiation treats skin dieseases such as

A

Ringworm

37
Q

Dose that can depress that male sperm population or cause a genetic mutation in future generations

A

.1 Gy

38
Q

Gonadal dose that may delay or suppress menstration

A

.1 Gy

39
Q

Gonadal dose that will cause temporary sterility

A

2 Gyt

40
Q

Gonadal dose that will cause permanent sterility

A

5 Gyt

41
Q

What is the whole body dose that produces a hematologist depression?

A

.25 Gyt

42
Q

What does the hematopoietic system consist of

A

Bone marrow
Circulating blood
Lympoid organs

43
Q

Cells of the hematopoietic system develop from a single precursor cell called the

A

Pluripotential stem cell

44
Q

Pluripotential stem cells are the primary cells of:

A

Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Granulocytes
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Erythrocytes

45
Q

The study of cell genetics with emphasis on cell chromosomes

A

Cytogenesis

46
Q

A cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes may be accompished through the use of a chromosome map called a :

A

Karyotype

47
Q

__________ is the phase of cell division in which chromosome damage caused by radiation exposure can be evaluated

A

Metaphase

48
Q

Somatic and Genetic Damage Factors

A

Quantity of ionizing radiation

Ability of ionizing radiation to cause ionization of human tissue

Amount of body area exposed

Specific body parts exposed

49
Q

What does somatic mean?

A

Body (all non reproductive cells)

50
Q

Type of curve the represents deterministic somatic effects

A

Nonlinear threshold

51
Q

How does an increase in dose effect stochastic effects

A

Increases probability but not severity

52
Q

Average survival time of gastrointestinal syndrome

A

3-10 days

53
Q

Effects of ionizing radiation on the skin

A

Radiodermititis
Desquamation

54
Q

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is most severely affected by radiation

A

Small intestine

55
Q

The total radiation dose given to a somatic or genetic cell and the period of time in which that does was delivered determine the rate of production of

A

Cell aberrations

56
Q

A Boston dentist who became the first advocate of radiation protection

A

William Herbert Rollins

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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