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Rad Bio > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Potentially harmful effects of ionizing radiation on living systems occur primarily at what level

A

Cellular

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2
Q

Biologic damage occurs from what types of radiation

A

Xrays
Gamma Rays
Alpha particles
Beta particles
Protons

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3
Q

What differs among various types of radiation

A

Charge, mass, and energy

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4
Q

What attributes determine the extent to which different radiation modalities transfer energy into biologic tissue

A

Charge, mass, and energy

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5
Q

What are the three concepts to understand how ionizing radiation causes injury to biologic tissue

A

Linear Energy Transfer
Relative Biologic Effectiveness
Oxygen Enhancement Ratio

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6
Q

The average energy deposited per unit length of track by ionizing radiation as it passes through and interacts with a medium along its path

A

LET

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7
Q

How is LET measured

A

keV/um

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8
Q

What are the 2 radiation categories of LET

A

Low-linear energy transfer
High-linear energy transfer

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9
Q

What type of radiation has a low-LET

A

Gamma rays
X-rays

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10
Q

What type of radiation has a high-LET

A

Alpha particles
Ions of heavy nuclei
Charged particles released from interactions between neutrons and atoms
Low-energy neutrons

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11
Q

Describes the comparative capabilities of radiation with differing LETs to produce a particular biologic reaction

A

Relative Biologic Effectiveness

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12
Q

What is the ratio to determine RBE

A

Dose (in Gy) of reference radiation to Dose (in Gy) of test radiation

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13
Q

What is typically used as the reference radiation to determine RBE

A

250 kVp x-rays

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14
Q

What is the Oxygen Enhancement Ratio

A

Radiation dose required to cause biologic damange without oxygen to Radiation dose required to cause biologic damage with oxygen

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15
Q

What is the OER for x-rays and gamma rays

A

3

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16
Q

Biologic damage resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation can be observed on what 3 levels

A

Molecular
Cellular
Organic systems

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17
Q

Any visible radiation-induced injuries of living systems at the cellular or organic level always begin with damage at what level

A

Molecular

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18
Q

If a sufficient quantity of _______ cells are affected by ionizing radiation, entire body processes may be disrupted

A

Somatic

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19
Q

If radiation damages _____ cells, the damage may be passed on to future generations

A

Germ cells

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20
Q

What are the two classifications of ionizing radiation interactions on a cell

A

Direct action
Indirect action

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21
Q

Essentially all effects of irradiation in living cells result from _______ action

A

Indirect

22
Q

Ionization of water molecules

A

Radiolysis

23
Q

Effects of radiolysis

A

Production of free radicals
Production of unstable chemical reactions and biologic damage
Production of cell-damaging substances

24
Q

Ionizing radiation interacts with DNA macromolecule, transfers energy, and ruptures one of the molecule’s chemical bonds

A

Single-strand break

25
Q

Ionizing radiation interacts with DNA macromolecule, transfers energy, and ruptures additional breaks of the molecule’s chemical bonds

A

Double-strand break

26
Q

Double-strand breaks occur more commonly with densely ionizing _____-LET radiation

A

High

27
Q

Result is a cleaved or broken chromosome with each new portion containting an unequal amount of genetic material

A

Double-strand break

28
Q

Alteration of the base sequence caused by ionizing radiation interacting with a DNA molecule

A

Mutation

29
Q

Mutation is a/an ______ consequence (indirect/direct)

A

Direct

30
Q

Chemical unions created between atoms by the single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons

A

Covalent cross-links

31
Q

Covalent cross-links are initiated by ____ -LET radiation

A

High

32
Q

Types of cross-link patterns

A

Intrastrand
Interstrand

33
Q

Types of radiation-induced chromosome breaks in both somatic and reproductive cells

A

Chromosomal fragments
Chromosomal anomalies
-chromosome aberrations
-chromatid aberrations
Structural changes

34
Q

Consequences to the cell from structural changes in biologic tissue

A

Restitution
Deletion

35
Q

The chromosome break rejoins in the original configuration with no visible damage

A

Restitution

36
Q

Part of a chromosome is lost at the next cell division, creating an acentric fragment

A

Deletion

37
Q

Theory that there is a master, or key, molecule that maintains normal cell function is present in every cell

A

Target Theory

38
Q

Damage to the cell’s nucleus reveals itself in what ways

A

Reproductive death
Apoptosis (interphase death)
Mitotic (genetic) death
Mitotic delay
Interference w/ function

39
Q

What does the cell survival curve display

A

Sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation

40
Q

Radiosensitive cells

A

Basal cells
Blood cells
Intestinal crypt cells
Reproductive (germ) cells

41
Q

Radioinsensitive cells

A

Brain cells
Muscle cells
Nerve cells

42
Q

______ enhances the effects of ionizing radition on biologic tissue by increasing tissue radiosensitivity

A

Oxygen

43
Q

Law of Bergoine and Tribondeau established that radiosensitvity was a function of the _________ state of the cell receiving the exposure

A

Metabolic

44
Q

Law of Bergoine and Tribondeau states that the radiosensitivity of cells is _______ proportional to their reproductive activity and _______ proportional to their degree of differentiation

A

Directly
Indirectly

45
Q

Law of Bergoine and Tribondeau observed the effects of ionizing radiation on ____________ cells of rabbits that had been exposed to x-rays

A

Testicular germ cells

46
Q

The most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells having the _______ maturity and specialization or differentiation, the _____reproductive activity, and the _______ mitotic phase

A

Least
Greatest
Longest

47
Q

Equation for linear energy transfer

A

Total energy/total length of track

48
Q

What is x-rays LET

A

3 keV/um

49
Q

What is the result of the interaction of radiation with water

A

Formation of an ion pair
H+ and OH- and 2 free radicals H and OH

50
Q

Chromatid break rejoins in the original configuration with no visible damage

A

Restitution

51
Q

Chromosome is lost at the next cell divison, creating an acentric fragment

A

Deletion

52
Q

The cell will die after exposure to ionizing radiation if the master, or key molecule (DNA) is inactivated in the process

A

Target Theory

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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