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Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A science that explores living things and life processes

A

Biology

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2
Q

Basic unit of living matter

A

Cells

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3
Q

Cells are the fundamental components of:

A

Structure
Development
Growth
Life processes in the body

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4
Q

What are the two ways cells live in the human body

A
  1. Freely moving, independent units
  2. Remain in one position as part of the tissue of larger organsims
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5
Q

Functions of cells

A

Move
Grow
React
Protect themselves
Repair damage
Regulate life processes
Reproduce

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6
Q

Requirements of the body to ensure efficient cell operation

A

Provide food

Supply oxygen

Have enough water

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7
Q

What is the benefit of proper cell function

A

Enables the body to maintain homeostasis

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8
Q

What are the effects of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell beyond repair

A

The cells will behave abnormally or die

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9
Q

Cell chemical composition

A

Protoplasm
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds

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10
Q

Building material for all living things

A

Protoplasm

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11
Q

Protoplasm carries on the complex process of:

A

Metabolism
Reception and processing of food and oxygen
Elimination of waste products

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12
Q

Protoplasm is formed from ___ elements

A

24

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13
Q

What are the four primary elements of protoplasm

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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14
Q

What are the most important inorganic substances

A

Water and mineral salts

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15
Q

Organic compounds of the cell

A

Proteins
Carbs
Lipids
Nucleic acid

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16
Q

What is the basic constituent of all organic matter

A

Carbon

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17
Q

What is Carbon combined with to make life possible

A

Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen

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18
Q

What organic compound has the most Carbon

A

Protein

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19
Q

Protein constitutes approx ___% of cell content

A

15

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20
Q

Protein is essential for:

A

Growth
Construction of new body tissue
Repair of tissue

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21
Q

How are proteins formed

A

When amino acids combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes

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22
Q

Protein synthesis involves _____ different amino acids

A

22

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23
Q

What determines the precise function of each protein molecule

A

Arrangement of amino acids

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24
Q

What determines the characteristics of a cell

A

Type of protein macromolecule

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25
Q

How do enzymatic proteins function

A

As organic catalysts

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26
Q

What do enzymatic proteins control

A

Cell’s various physiologic activities

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27
Q

What type of proteins provide the cell body with its shape and form

A

Structural proteins

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28
Q

Structural proteins provide a source of:

A

Heat and energy for the body

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29
Q

Functions of repair enzymes

A

Mend damaged molecules - can help a cell recover from a small amount of radiation

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30
Q

Repair enzymes work effectively in both __________ and ________ energy ranges

A

Diagnostic and therapeutic

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31
Q

What are protein molecules that are produced by B lymphocytes

A

Antibodies

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32
Q

When are antibodies produced

A

When other lymphocytes in the body (T lymphocytes) detect the presence of molecules that do not belong in the body

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33
Q

How to antibodies react to any foreign invaders

A

Chemically attack

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34
Q

Chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands

A

Hormones

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35
Q

Function of hormones

A

Regulate body functions such as growth and development

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36
Q

Make up approximately 1% of cell content

A

Carbohydrates (Saccharides)

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37
Q

Primary purpose of carbs

A

Provide fuel for metabolism

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38
Q

Where are carbs the most abundant

A

Liver and muscle tissue

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39
Q

Carbs function as _____ -term energy for the body

A

Short-term

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40
Q

Lipids make up appox ____% of cell content

A

2%

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41
Q

Lipids are made up of:

A

A molecule of glycerin and 3 molecules of fatty acids

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42
Q

Are lipids organic or inorganic macromolecules

A

Organic

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43
Q

Lipids are the structural part of cell _______

A

Membranes

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44
Q

Act as a resevoir for the long-term storage of energy

A

Lipids

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45
Q

Insulate and guard the body against the environment

A

Lipids

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46
Q

Supports and protect organs such as they eyes and kidneys

A

Lipids

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47
Q

Provide essential substances necessary for growth and development

A

Lipids

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48
Q

Lubricate the joints

A

Lipids

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49
Q

Assist in the digestive process

A

Lipids

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50
Q

Nucleic acids make up approx __% of the cell

A

1%

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51
Q

Nucleic acids are very _______ (small/large), complex macromolecules

A

Large

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52
Q

2 types of nucleic acid cells contain

A

DNA
RNA

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53
Q

Composed of two long sugar-phosphate chains that twist around each other in a double-helix and are linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases at the sugar molecule of the chain

A

DNA - the master chemical

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54
Q

In DNA, what bonds attach the bases to each other

A

Hydrogen bonds

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55
Q

What nucleic acid contains all the information the cell needs to function

A

DNA

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56
Q

What carries the information necessary for cell replication

A

DNA

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57
Q

DNA regulates all cellular activity to direct:

A

Protein synthesis

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58
Q

DNA determines a person’s characteristics by regulating the sequence of

A

Amino Acids

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59
Q

What makes up the genetic code

A

Sequence of nitrogenous base pairs in a DNA molecule

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60
Q

DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly, transmitting its genetic information outside the cell nucleus by repoducing itself in the form of

A

mRNA

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61
Q

What happens when mRNA leaves the nucleus

A

Once in cytoplasm, it directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids

62
Q

How is mRNA different from DNA

A

Appears as a single strand

63
Q

tRNA receives genetic code from:

A

mRNA

64
Q

tRNA combines with _________ and attaches them to ribosomes

A

Amino acids

65
Q

How many types of tRNA exist

A

22 - one for each amino acid

66
Q

Function of rRNA

A

Assist in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis

67
Q

Tiny rod-shaped bodies that under a microscope appear to be long threadlike structures that become visible only in dividing cells

A

Chromosome

68
Q

What are chromosomes composed of

A

Protein and DNA

69
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal human have

A

46 (23 pairs)

70
Q

How many chromosomes do reproductive (germ) cells have

A

23 each

71
Q

Segements of DNA that serve as the basic unit of heredity

A

Genes

72
Q

Each gene has information responsible for:

A

Directing cytoplasmic activity
Controlling growth and development of the cell
Transmitted hereditary information

73
Q

Genes control the formation of proteins in every cell through a process of:

A

Genetic coding

74
Q

Total amount of genetic material contained within the chromosomes of a human being

A

Human genome

75
Q

Process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome

A

Mapping

76
Q

How many base pairs are in the human genome

A

2.9 billion

77
Q

The 2.9 billion base pairs in the human genome are arranged into appox ______ genes

A

30,000

78
Q

The genes in the human genome are capable of producing ________ different proteins

A

90,000

79
Q

Inorganic compounds do not contain:

A

Carbon

80
Q

Inorganic compounds are:

A

Acids
Bases
Salts

81
Q

Most important inorganic substances

A

Water and mineral salts

82
Q

Water comprises appox _______% of the body’s weight

A

80-85%

83
Q

Water within the cell is the medium in which chemical reactions occur that are the basis of:

A

Metabolic activities

84
Q

Water within the cell acts as a

A

Solvent

85
Q

Outside the cell, water functions as a

A

Transport

86
Q

Water outside the cell is reponsible for maintaining a constant temperature of

A

98.6 degrees

87
Q

Water outside the cell lubricates both the _____ and _____ systems

A

Digestive and skeletal

88
Q

Water outside the cell protects organs such as the

A

Brain and lungs

89
Q

What keeps the correct proportion of water in the cell to maintain osmotic pressure

A

Mineral salts

90
Q

Mineral salts within the cell is necessary for:

A

Proper cell performance
Creation of energy
Conduction of impulses along nerves

91
Q

Causes materials to be altered, broken down and recombined to form new substances

A

Ions

92
Q

Components of the normal human cell

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic Organelles
-Endoplasmic reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Mitochondria
-Lysosomes
-Ribosomes
-Centrosomes
Nucleus

93
Q

The multiplication process whereby one cell divides to form two or more cells

A

Cell division

94
Q

Two types of cell divison that occrus

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

95
Q

A process in which the nucleus first divides, followed by the division of the cytoplasm

A

Mitosis

96
Q

Process that occurs when all somatic cells divide

A

Mitosis

97
Q

A process of reduction cell division

A

Meiosis

98
Q

Process that occurs when genetic cells divide

A

Meiosis

99
Q

Results in an appoximately equal distribution of all cellular material between the two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

100
Q

Period of cell growth that occurs before actual mitosis phase

A

Interphase

101
Q

Four sub-phases of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase

102
Q

Special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to 1/2 the number of chromosomes in the parent cell

A

Meiosis

103
Q

Monozygotic twins are

A

Identical

104
Q

Dizygotic twins are

A

Fraternal

105
Q

Polyzygotic sibilings are

A

More than 2

106
Q

Functions as barricade to protect cellular contents from their environment and controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

107
Q

Eliminates waste and refines materials for energy through breakdown of materials

A

Cell membrane

108
Q

Enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfers blood from one part of the cell to another

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

109
Q

Unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with protein to form glycoproteins

A

Golgi apparatus

110
Q

Transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so that they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to areas of the body in which they are required

A

Golgi apparatus

111
Q

Produce energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients through a process of oxidation

A

Mitochondria

112
Q

Dispose of large particles such as bacteria and food as well as smaller particles

A

Lysosomes

113
Q

Contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down and digest proteins, certain carbs, and the cell itself if the surrounding membrane breaks

A

Lysosomes

114
Q

Manufacture the various proteins that cells require

A

Ribosomes

115
Q

Believed to play some part in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

A

Centrosomes

116
Q

Contains the genetic material; controls cell division and multiplication and also biochemical reactions that occur within the living cell

A

DNA

117
Q

Holds a large amount of RNA

A

Nucleolus

118
Q

Ability to operate in a normal manner despite any changes the body may undergo due to outside influences

A

Homeostasis

119
Q

Consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water

A

Protoplasm

120
Q

Combinations of NH2 (Anime) and COOH (Carboxyl)

A

Amino Acids

121
Q

What is the flow of protein synthesis?

A

Chromosomes/Genes organize 22 different amino acids into certain sequences to form structural or enzymatic proteins

122
Q

What is the function of an organic catalyst

A

Affect speed of chemical reactions

123
Q

Therapeutic ratio of repair enzymes

A

Deliver enough radiation to kill cancerous cells in a tumor while delivering a much lower dose to surrounding tissue

124
Q

What is the chemical makeup of Monosaccharides (Glucose)

A

C6H12O6

125
Q

What are the components of nucleic acid

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

Sugars are strung together with phosphate groups and a base is attached to each sugar

126
Q

How is DNA and RNA structurally different

A

DNA uses D-2 deoxyribose sugar and RNA uses D-ribose

Thymine is used in DNA
Uracil is used in RNA

127
Q

What are the purines in nucleic acids

A

Adenine
Guanine

128
Q

What are the pyrimidines

A

Thymine/Uracil
Cystosine

129
Q

What are the base pairs in DNA

A

A-T
C-G

130
Q

What type of bond joins the bases together in DNA

A

Hydrogen

131
Q

What is the function of RNA

A

Messanger between DNA and ribosomes

132
Q

Function of tRNA

A

Receives genetic code from mRNA

Combines w/ amino acids and attaches them to ribosomes

133
Q

What are mineral salts the result of

A

Acid/base reactions

134
Q

Holds a large amound of RNA

A

Nucleolus

135
Q

What happens in interphase of Meiosis?

A

Amount of genetic material is doubled

136
Q

What happens in Telophase of Meiosis?

A

Daughter cell divides without DNA replication

4 granddaughter cells formed

137
Q

What phase of mitosis does the nucleus enlarge

A

Prophase

138
Q

What phase of mitosis does the DNA complex coil up tightly

A

Prophase

139
Q

What phase of mitosis do the chromatids become visible

A

Prophase

140
Q

What phase of mitosis does the DNA begin to assume structural form

A

Prophase

141
Q

What phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane dissapear and the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell

A

Prophase

142
Q

What phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle form between the centrioles

A

Metaphase

143
Q

What phase of mitosis does the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

A

Metaphase

144
Q

What phase of mitosis can cell division be stopped

A

Metaphase

145
Q

What phase of mitosis begins with the breakdown of a protein called securing

A

Anaphase

146
Q

What phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate

A

Anaphase

147
Q

What phase of mitosis does the cell stretch or elongate into an oval shape

A

Anaphase

148
Q

What phase of mitosis do the chromatids uncoil

A

Telophase

149
Q

What phase of mitosis does two nuclei appear

A

Telophase

150
Q

What phase of mitosis does the cytoplasm divide into 2 daughter cells

A

Telophase

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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