Chapter 6 Flashcards
A science that explores living things and life processes
Biology
Basic unit of living matter
Cells
Cells are the fundamental components of:
Structure
Development
Growth
Life processes in the body
What are the two ways cells live in the human body
- Freely moving, independent units
- Remain in one position as part of the tissue of larger organsims
Functions of cells
Move
Grow
React
Protect themselves
Repair damage
Regulate life processes
Reproduce
Requirements of the body to ensure efficient cell operation
Provide food
Supply oxygen
Have enough water
What is the benefit of proper cell function
Enables the body to maintain homeostasis
What are the effects of ionizing radiation damaging the components of the cell beyond repair
The cells will behave abnormally or die
Cell chemical composition
Protoplasm
Organic compounds
Inorganic compounds
Building material for all living things
Protoplasm
Protoplasm carries on the complex process of:
Metabolism
Reception and processing of food and oxygen
Elimination of waste products
Protoplasm is formed from ___ elements
24
What are the four primary elements of protoplasm
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
What are the most important inorganic substances
Water and mineral salts
Organic compounds of the cell
Proteins
Carbs
Lipids
Nucleic acid
What is the basic constituent of all organic matter
Carbon
What is Carbon combined with to make life possible
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
What organic compound has the most Carbon
Protein
Protein constitutes approx ___% of cell content
15
Protein is essential for:
Growth
Construction of new body tissue
Repair of tissue
How are proteins formed
When amino acids combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes
Protein synthesis involves _____ different amino acids
22
What determines the precise function of each protein molecule
Arrangement of amino acids
What determines the characteristics of a cell
Type of protein macromolecule
How do enzymatic proteins function
As organic catalysts
What do enzymatic proteins control
Cell’s various physiologic activities
What type of proteins provide the cell body with its shape and form
Structural proteins
Structural proteins provide a source of:
Heat and energy for the body
Functions of repair enzymes
Mend damaged molecules - can help a cell recover from a small amount of radiation
Repair enzymes work effectively in both __________ and ________ energy ranges
Diagnostic and therapeutic
What are protein molecules that are produced by B lymphocytes
Antibodies
When are antibodies produced
When other lymphocytes in the body (T lymphocytes) detect the presence of molecules that do not belong in the body
How to antibodies react to any foreign invaders
Chemically attack
Chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands
Hormones
Function of hormones
Regulate body functions such as growth and development
Make up approximately 1% of cell content
Carbohydrates (Saccharides)
Primary purpose of carbs
Provide fuel for metabolism
Where are carbs the most abundant
Liver and muscle tissue
Carbs function as _____ -term energy for the body
Short-term
Lipids make up appox ____% of cell content
2%
Lipids are made up of:
A molecule of glycerin and 3 molecules of fatty acids
Are lipids organic or inorganic macromolecules
Organic
Lipids are the structural part of cell _______
Membranes
Act as a resevoir for the long-term storage of energy
Lipids
Insulate and guard the body against the environment
Lipids
Supports and protect organs such as they eyes and kidneys
Lipids
Provide essential substances necessary for growth and development
Lipids
Lubricate the joints
Lipids
Assist in the digestive process
Lipids
Nucleic acids make up approx __% of the cell
1%
Nucleic acids are very _______ (small/large), complex macromolecules
Large
2 types of nucleic acid cells contain
DNA
RNA
Composed of two long sugar-phosphate chains that twist around each other in a double-helix and are linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases at the sugar molecule of the chain
DNA - the master chemical
In DNA, what bonds attach the bases to each other
Hydrogen bonds
What nucleic acid contains all the information the cell needs to function
DNA
What carries the information necessary for cell replication
DNA
DNA regulates all cellular activity to direct:
Protein synthesis
DNA determines a person’s characteristics by regulating the sequence of
Amino Acids
What makes up the genetic code
Sequence of nitrogenous base pairs in a DNA molecule
DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly, transmitting its genetic information outside the cell nucleus by repoducing itself in the form of
mRNA
What happens when mRNA leaves the nucleus
Once in cytoplasm, it directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids
How is mRNA different from DNA
Appears as a single strand
tRNA receives genetic code from:
mRNA
tRNA combines with _________ and attaches them to ribosomes
Amino acids
How many types of tRNA exist
22 - one for each amino acid
Function of rRNA
Assist in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis
Tiny rod-shaped bodies that under a microscope appear to be long threadlike structures that become visible only in dividing cells
Chromosome
What are chromosomes composed of
Protein and DNA
How many chromosomes does a normal human have
46 (23 pairs)
How many chromosomes do reproductive (germ) cells have
23 each
Segements of DNA that serve as the basic unit of heredity
Genes
Each gene has information responsible for:
Directing cytoplasmic activity
Controlling growth and development of the cell
Transmitted hereditary information
Genes control the formation of proteins in every cell through a process of:
Genetic coding
Total amount of genetic material contained within the chromosomes of a human being
Human genome
Process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome
Mapping
How many base pairs are in the human genome
2.9 billion
The 2.9 billion base pairs in the human genome are arranged into appox ______ genes
30,000
The genes in the human genome are capable of producing ________ different proteins
90,000
Inorganic compounds do not contain:
Carbon
Inorganic compounds are:
Acids
Bases
Salts
Most important inorganic substances
Water and mineral salts
Water comprises appox _______% of the body’s weight
80-85%
Water within the cell is the medium in which chemical reactions occur that are the basis of:
Metabolic activities
Water within the cell acts as a
Solvent
Outside the cell, water functions as a
Transport
Water outside the cell is reponsible for maintaining a constant temperature of
98.6 degrees
Water outside the cell lubricates both the _____ and _____ systems
Digestive and skeletal
Water outside the cell protects organs such as the
Brain and lungs
What keeps the correct proportion of water in the cell to maintain osmotic pressure
Mineral salts
Mineral salts within the cell is necessary for:
Proper cell performance
Creation of energy
Conduction of impulses along nerves
Causes materials to be altered, broken down and recombined to form new substances
Ions
Components of the normal human cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic Organelles
-Endoplasmic reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Mitochondria
-Lysosomes
-Ribosomes
-Centrosomes
Nucleus
The multiplication process whereby one cell divides to form two or more cells
Cell division
Two types of cell divison that occrus
Mitosis
Meiosis
A process in which the nucleus first divides, followed by the division of the cytoplasm
Mitosis
Process that occurs when all somatic cells divide
Mitosis
A process of reduction cell division
Meiosis
Process that occurs when genetic cells divide
Meiosis
Results in an appoximately equal distribution of all cellular material between the two daughter cells
Mitosis
Period of cell growth that occurs before actual mitosis phase
Interphase
Four sub-phases of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase
Special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to 1/2 the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
Meiosis
Monozygotic twins are
Identical
Dizygotic twins are
Fraternal
Polyzygotic sibilings are
More than 2
Functions as barricade to protect cellular contents from their environment and controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell
Cell membrane
Eliminates waste and refines materials for energy through breakdown of materials
Cell membrane
Enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfers blood from one part of the cell to another
Endoplasmic reticulum
Unites large carbohydrate molecules and combines them with protein to form glycoproteins
Golgi apparatus
Transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so that they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to areas of the body in which they are required
Golgi apparatus
Produce energy for cellular activity by breaking down nutrients through a process of oxidation
Mitochondria
Dispose of large particles such as bacteria and food as well as smaller particles
Lysosomes
Contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down and digest proteins, certain carbs, and the cell itself if the surrounding membrane breaks
Lysosomes
Manufacture the various proteins that cells require
Ribosomes
Believed to play some part in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division
Centrosomes
Contains the genetic material; controls cell division and multiplication and also biochemical reactions that occur within the living cell
DNA
Holds a large amount of RNA
Nucleolus
Ability to operate in a normal manner despite any changes the body may undergo due to outside influences
Homeostasis
Consists of organic compounds and inorganic materials either dissolved or suspended in water
Protoplasm
Combinations of NH2 (Anime) and COOH (Carboxyl)
Amino Acids
What is the flow of protein synthesis?
Chromosomes/Genes organize 22 different amino acids into certain sequences to form structural or enzymatic proteins
What is the function of an organic catalyst
Affect speed of chemical reactions
Therapeutic ratio of repair enzymes
Deliver enough radiation to kill cancerous cells in a tumor while delivering a much lower dose to surrounding tissue
What is the chemical makeup of Monosaccharides (Glucose)
C6H12O6
What are the components of nucleic acid
Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
Sugars are strung together with phosphate groups and a base is attached to each sugar
How is DNA and RNA structurally different
DNA uses D-2 deoxyribose sugar and RNA uses D-ribose
Thymine is used in DNA
Uracil is used in RNA
What are the purines in nucleic acids
Adenine
Guanine
What are the pyrimidines
Thymine/Uracil
Cystosine
What are the base pairs in DNA
A-T
C-G
What type of bond joins the bases together in DNA
Hydrogen
What is the function of RNA
Messanger between DNA and ribosomes
Function of tRNA
Receives genetic code from mRNA
Combines w/ amino acids and attaches them to ribosomes
What are mineral salts the result of
Acid/base reactions
Holds a large amound of RNA
Nucleolus
What happens in interphase of Meiosis?
Amount of genetic material is doubled
What happens in Telophase of Meiosis?
Daughter cell divides without DNA replication
4 granddaughter cells formed
What phase of mitosis does the nucleus enlarge
Prophase
What phase of mitosis does the DNA complex coil up tightly
Prophase
What phase of mitosis do the chromatids become visible
Prophase
What phase of mitosis does the DNA begin to assume structural form
Prophase
What phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane dissapear and the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell
Prophase
What phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle form between the centrioles
Metaphase
What phase of mitosis does the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
Metaphase
What phase of mitosis can cell division be stopped
Metaphase
What phase of mitosis begins with the breakdown of a protein called securing
Anaphase
What phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate
Anaphase
What phase of mitosis does the cell stretch or elongate into an oval shape
Anaphase
What phase of mitosis do the chromatids uncoil
Telophase
What phase of mitosis does two nuclei appear
Telophase
What phase of mitosis does the cytoplasm divide into 2 daughter cells
Telophase
