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Rad Bio > Chapter 13-16 > Flashcards

Chapter 13-16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

EfD does not include:

A

Personal medical exposure
Natural background exposrue

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2
Q

Lifetime EfD in mSv should not exceed __ times the person’s age in years

A

10

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3
Q

Annual occupation EfD limit is

A

50 mSv

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4
Q

Annual occupational EfD limit of 50 mSv is a/an _____ boundary limit

A

Upper

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5
Q

Annual EfD limit for the general population is

A

1 mSv for frequent exposures

5 mSv for infrequent exposures

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6
Q

The amount of radiation received by the workforce can be larger than the amount recieved by the general public without alteration in the:

A

Genetically significant dose (GSD)

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7
Q

Radiography is not considered a ___________ profession

A

Hazardous

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8
Q

During a diagnostic examination, the patient becomes a source of scattered radiation as a consequence of the _______ interaction process

A

Compton

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9
Q

At a 90 degree angle to the primary x-ray beam at a distance of 1m, the scattered x-ray intensity is approximately ___________ of the intensity of the primary x-ray beam

A

1/1000

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10
Q

Removes nonuseful low-energy photons from the primary beam

A

Filtration

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11
Q

Shielding protects patient from what type of radiation

A

Scatter and leakage (secondary sources)

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12
Q

What is the minimum lead thickness for aprons

A

.25mm

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13
Q

What is the standard lead thickness for aprons

A

.5mm

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14
Q

What is the standard lead thickness for fluoroscopy

A

.5mm

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15
Q

How does beam energy effect side scatter?

A

The higher the beam energy, the less side scatter to strike imaging personnel

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the lead apron and additional monitor during pregnancy

A

To ensure the monthly EqD to the empryo-fetus does not exceed .5 mSv

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17
Q

What is the lead thickness of a maternity protective apron

A

.5-mm lead over the entire length and width and an extra 1-mm panel that runs transversely across the width of the apron

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18
Q

What is the relationship between time and radiation dose

A

Direct; as the length of exposure time increases, the radiation dose increases

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19
Q

What is the most effective means of protection from ionizing radiation

A

Distance

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20
Q

Inverse Square Law states that the intensity of radiation is ____________ proportional to the square of the distance from the source

A

Inversely

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21
Q

Most common materials used for shielding

A

Lead and concrete

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22
Q

Effectiveness on shielding material depends on:

A

Atomic number
Density
Thickness

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23
Q

Specifications for primary protective barrier for 130 kVp beam

A

1.6mm lead
Extends 2.1m (7 feet) upward from the floor of the room when the xray tube is 1.5-2.1m (5-7 feet) from the wall

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24
Q

To prevent direct, or unscattered radiation from reaching personnel or members of the general public on the other side of the barrier

A

Primary protective barrier

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25
Q

Protects against secondary radiation

A

Secondary protective barrier

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26
Q

Location of secondary protective barrier

A

Any wall or barrier that is never struck by the primary xray beam

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27
Q

The secondary protective barrier should overlap the primary protective barrier by:

A

1.27 cm (1/2”)

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28
Q

Secondary protective barrier should consist of __ mm of lead

A

0.8mm

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29
Q

Used to protect the radiographer from secondary radiation

A

Control-booth barrier

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30
Q

Control booth barrier must extend ___m upward from the floor and must be permanently secured to the floor

A

2.1m (7ft)

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31
Q

How many times should diagnostic x-rays scatter before reaching any area behind the control-booth barrier

A

2 times

32
Q

Oberservation window consists of __mm lead

A

1.5

33
Q

With appropriate lead equivalent in the barrier, exposure of the radiographer will not exceed a maximum of __ mSv per week

A

1 mSv

34
Q

In a well designed facility, exposure of the radiographer should not exceed __ mSv per week

A

.02

35
Q

Clear lead-acrylic materials are impregnanted with approx __% lead by weight

A

30

36
Q

Modular x-ray barriers are:

A

Shatter resistant
Can extend 2.1m (7ft) from the floor
Available in lead equivalency from .3 to 2mm

37
Q

For 100 kVp, apron must be equivalent to at least ___mm thickness of lead

A

.25mm

38
Q

___mm of lead is appropriate for mammography

A

.25mm

39
Q

___mm lead equivalent is the most widely recommended thickness in diagnostic imaging for aprons

A

.5mm

40
Q

____mm lead equivalent is used for gloves

A

.25mm

41
Q

Thyroid shields should be a minimum of ___mm lead equivalent

A

.5mm

42
Q

Optically clear eyeglass lenses contain a minimal equivalent of ___mm

A

.35mm

43
Q

Fluoro protective curtain should have a minimum of ___mm lead equivalent

A

.25mm

44
Q

Bucky slot shield should have at least a ____mm lead equivalent

A

.25mm

45
Q

Diagnostic imaging personnel who receive the highest occupational exposure

A

Fluoroscopy
Mobile radiography
Special procedures
IR

46
Q

For mobile x-ray units, the cord should be long enough to permit the radiographer to stand at least ___ from the patient/tube/useful beam

A

2m (6ft)

47
Q

During a mobile radiographic procedure, the radiographer should attempt to stand at a ___ degree angle to the patient

A

90

48
Q

During c-arm fluoroscopy, patterns of exposure direction are ______ predictable

A

Less

49
Q

During c-arm fluoroscopy, where is the exposure rate caused by scatter the highest?

A

Near the entrance surface of the patient

50
Q

During c-arm fluoroscopy, the location of the lower potential scatter dose is located on which side of the patient?

A

On the side of the patient away from the xray tube (image intensifier side)

51
Q

The exposure rate during high-level IR procedures can range upward of:

A

20 to 40 cGy/minute

52
Q

Annual EqD limit to localized areas of the skin and hands is:

A

500 mSv

53
Q

Types of secondary radiation

A

Scatter and leakage

54
Q

Radiation output-weighted time that the unit is actually delivering radiation during the week

A

Workload (W)

55
Q

A quantity that was introduced to select the fractional contact time that most structures in diagnostic x-ray suite are struck by radiation to some degree for some fraction of the weekly beam-on time

A

Use factor (U)

56
Q

Used to modify the shielding requirement for a particular barrier by taking into account the fraction of the work week during whcih the space beyond barrier is occupied

A

Occupancy factor (T)

57
Q

Weekly maximum permitted equivalent dose for controlled areas

A

1000 uSv or
1 msV

58
Q

Weekly maximum permitted equivalent dose for uncontrolled areas

A

20 uSv

59
Q

Calculating barrier shielding requirements

A

mA-minutes x U x T

60
Q

The objective of a shielding calculation is described as determining the thickness of a barrier sufficient to reduce the __________ in a full or partially occupied area to a value that is _____ than or equal to the ratio P/T

A

Air kerma
Less

61
Q

Atoms that have the same number of protons within the nucleus but have different numbers of neutrons

A

Isotopes

62
Q

Isotopes that are unstable because of their neutron-proton configuration

A

Radioisotopes

63
Q

What type of cells are the most sensitive to damage by radiation

A

Well-oxygenated, rapidly dividing

64
Q

What type of radiation is used for radiation therapy

A

Gamma or beta

65
Q

What is the most important therapeutic radioisotope for cancers within the prostate gland

A

Iodine-125

66
Q

Iodine-131 has a half life of:

A

8 days

67
Q

What radioactive compound can be orally administered to deliver a destructive dose to a specific cancer site

A

Sodium iodide

68
Q

Radioactive decay process

A

Beta decay

69
Q

Nuclear medicine employs radioisotopes to:

A

Study organ function
Detect the spread of cancer
Treat certain types of diseases

70
Q

Common radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine

A

Iodine-123
Technetium-99 (most common)

71
Q

Technetium-99 is produced from the radioactive decay of what isotope

A

Molybdenum

72
Q

Makes use of annihlation radiation events that are a byproduct of pair production

A

PET

73
Q

How is annihilation radiation initiated?

A

Radioactive decay of the nucleus of an unstable isotope having too many protons

Unstable isoptope releases a neutron and positron

Positron will interact destructively with an electron and their masses will be converted into energy that will be carried off by two photons emerging from the annhiliation; each with a kinetic energy of 511 keV

74
Q

Most important isotope used in PET scanning

A

Fluorine-18

75
Q

What is the radioactive tracer that is metabolized by cancerous cells

A

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

Rad Bio (14 decks)

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