Final Exam Flashcards
Psychology refers to the ________.
study of mind and behavior
Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
Scientific theory
The empirical method of study is based on ________.
observation
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines
________ as objectively as possible.
her own conscious experience
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
study the function of behavior
What is Abraham Maslow best known for?
Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ________
Gestalt psychology
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding _______
the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
Developmental psychology
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
social psychology
When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.
neuroticism
Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?
Knowing your opinion is correct
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.
According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.
the use of reinforcement and punishment
According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
Interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.
Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?
-0.5
In a _____ study, both the researchers and the participants are
unaware of the group assignments
double-blind
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
It is complex
_______, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of
chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.
Jane Goodall
______ research uses past records or data sets to investigate
research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.
archival research
A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest
and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
confounding variable
A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure
the variables of interest.
Operational definition
A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are
meaningful differences between two groups in a study.
statistical analysis
Peer reviewers ________.
help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings
An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment.
In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.
debrief participants, deception
________ are subjects of psychological research.
participants
The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.
dependent
The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between
two variables is to conduct a(n) _______.
experiment
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and
deductive reasoning.
circular
A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.
Genetics
Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.
the effect of genes on the environment and population
Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.
more than one gene
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
terminal buttons, synaptic vesicles
The space between two neurons is called the ________.
synapse
________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the
cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.
Action potential
Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms
by restoring ________ balance.
neurotransmitter
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
central, peripheral nervous systems
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as
pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
sympathetic
The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________
sensory information
The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?
Temporal
Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?
A. hypothalamus
B. hippocampus
C. amygdala
D. substantia nigra
Substantia nigra
The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying
emotional meaning to our memories.
amygdala
________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction,
and motor behavior.
dopamine
The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and
forebrain.
reticular formation
The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
Circadian Rhythm
The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.
alpha
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
Stage 2
NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________
outside periods of REM sleep
________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.
Parasomnias
Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?
John Hobson
Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?
A. Mercy, unconscious after being hit on the head
B. Petro, immediately before entering REM sleep
C. Jenna, competing in a marathon
D. Samuel, sleepwalking in the middle of the night
Jenna, competing in a marathon
Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?
Evolutionary
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
REM
Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.
manifest
Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.
stimulant
Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.
opioid
Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn’t notice. This state was induced through ________.
hypnosis
________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.
Dissociative
Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.
darkness, light
What occurs during stage 1 sleep?
Stage 1 sleep is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.
What is described by the concept of perception?
How sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
Top-down
What is amplitude?
The height of a wave
What is a binaural cue?
two-eared cue to localize sound
Which term describes the perception of the body’s movement through space?
A. dimensionality
B. kinesthesia
C. neurasthenia
D. nociception
B. kinesthesia
________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.
pheromone
What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.
Inattentional blindness
Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?
A. feeling the warmth of the sun
B. hearing an airplane fly overhead
C. smelling cookies in the oven
D. tasting white chocolate fudge
smelling cookies in the oven
Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words “Drink Cola” flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words “Drink Cola” because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message “Drink Cola” is an example of ________.
a subliminal message
Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.
thermoception
Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.
lower; higher
________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.
A. higher; quieter
B. higher; weaker
C. higher; louder
D. lower; louder
higher; louder
Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?
They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.
At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.
left; right
What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?
Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?
Umami and fat content
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable interval
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
Learning
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
A. extinction
B. acquisition
C. reflex
D. recovery
Extinction
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
observational
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
Conditioned Response
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A. when a dog refuses to play dead
B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener
C. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl
D. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
A. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.
B. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.
C. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.
D. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.
C. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground.
D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
A. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes
B. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons
D. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog
Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?
A. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.
B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
C. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
He is famous for demonstrating the principle of operant conditioning: the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments
From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.
thinking
________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.
concepts
Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?
Functional fixedness
What is confirmation bias?
Tendency to focus information that confirms your existing beliefs
______ intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.
creative
Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ______, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.
integrate
Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.
thoughts
Niaz’s car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a
predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.
hindsight bias
Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, “A Bear in the Woods,” and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
Linguistic
Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can’t find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?
Mild
Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?
A. dog breeds
B. patriotism
C. categories of psychology
D. types of cars
Patriotism
Schemata are a(an) ________.
method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ____
revealed a genetic component to intelligence
What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen’s article, “How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?”
Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians,
followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
Encoding information occurs through ________
automatic processing and effortful processing
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.
semantic
What is semantic memory?
Knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
Sensory
Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
Arousal theory
Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?
A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can’t remember the lyrics
B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip
C. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind
D. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES
A. Being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can’t remember the lyrics
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
your first day of school
Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?
A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once
B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation
C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind
C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are
referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.
implicit
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.
construction ; reconstruction
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
A. amygdala
B. cerebellum
C. hippocampus
D. primary cortex
B. cerebellum
Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?
Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory
What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?
Another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus
Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?
A. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories.
B. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories.
C. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory.
D. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.
The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.
________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards.
extrinsic motivation
________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.
motivation
Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?
The set-point theory
Body dysmorphia is a ________.
distorted body image
Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?
A. retroactive period
B. resolution
C. plateau
D. refractory period
D. Refractory period
An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________.
instinct
A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.
emotion; mood
Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?
A. Babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents’ approval.
B. Dating an abusive partner because you believe you don’t deserve good treatment.
C. Jerking your hand back from a hot burner.
D. Mowing your elderly neighbor’s lawn because you believe it is the right thing to do.
A. Babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents’ approval.
The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of the amygdala.
basolateral; nucleus
Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?
A. Judd does not believe he is good at math.
B. Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.
C. Stacia thinks that Tammy underestimates her abilities.
D. Tony knows that Yancy frequently brags about his accomplishments.
Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.
If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe the ________.
facial feedback hypothesis
Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?
A. According to the James-Lange theory, facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, facial expressions are incapable of influencing our emotions.
B. According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.
C. According to the James-Lange theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal.
D. According to the James-Lange theory, our appraisal of the stimulus determines our cognitions, which then influence our emotions; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.
B. According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.
Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis?
A. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that it is possible to influence our emotions while the facial feedback hypothesis does not.
B. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not.
C. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions.
D. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions.
B. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined
by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not.
Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa?
A. Anorexia is associated with binge eating, and bulimia is associated with starvation.
B. Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.
C. More men than women suffer from anorexia.
D. More men than women suffer from bulimia.
B. Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.
in which people are presented with ambiguous images
Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?
Hans and Sybil Eysenck
The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.
ectomorph
Who developed social-cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Karen Horney
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.
Five Factor Model
The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual’s clinical profile.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.
phlegmatic
Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?
Archetype
What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?
Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.
Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?
A. moving away from people
B. moving toward people
C. moving with people
D. moving against people
C. Moving with people
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?
Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities
The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.
Emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and
intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of
interpersonal behavior?
A. Social cognition
B. Emotions
C. Group processes
D. Attitudes
C. Group processes
Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in a favorable light.
self-serving bias
What is groupthink?
modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?
Groupthink
The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
just-world
The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgment.
Asch
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________.
romantic
Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ________.
fatuous
Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.
stereotypes
Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver’s license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.
ageist
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
A. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
B. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
C. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use
D. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking
A. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn’t get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.
self-serving bias
Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?
A. Akbar avoids gambling, but he observes Barnaby gambling and tries to stop him.
B. Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
C. Akbar believes gambling is bad, but he continues to gamble anyway.
D. Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because he has an addictive personality, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
B. Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.
stressor
stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone _______.
anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence
________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating.
distress
The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.
meditation
Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.
social support
Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
cognitive
Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone’s life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________.
job burnout
Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy’s pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?
Depersonalization
Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.
Type A
Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.
chronic
Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of people and situations. Lydia exemplifies ________.
optimism
Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________.
Less stress than someone who has no effective options.
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.
forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart
A psychological disorder is a______
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Etiology is another word for_______
causes
Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?
Autism spectrum disorder
Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?
Orbitofrontal cortex
Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?
A. instability in interpersonal relationship and, self-image, and mood
B. lack of regard for others’ rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
C. pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks
D. overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance
B. lack of regard for others’ rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.
paranoid
What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
Negative
________are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself.
Safety behaviors
Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.
appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless
Which of the following is an example of flight of ideas?
A. Gilbert speaks in a monotone voice.
B. Gilbert attempts suicide, then calls 9-1-1.
C. Gilbert exhibits an abundance of energy during his debate session.
D. Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly
D. Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly
Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?
A. Ozzie’s doctor does not believe that mental illness has a biological basis.
B. Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.
C. Ozzie treats his manic episodes by using medication to induce depression.
D. Ozzie treats his depression by exposing himself to a series of stressors so he can learn coping skills.
B. Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.
From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers
the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku’s personality?
A. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
B. dependent personality disorder
C. paranoid personality disorder
D. antisocial personality disorder
D. antisocial personality disorder
Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?
A. Rafe believes that his dreams are prophetic.
B. Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them
for no identifiable reason.
C. Rafe is convinced his life has meaning beyond himself.
D. Rafe believes he is entitled to special treatment from those around him.
B. Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them
for no identifiable reason.
Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff’s personality?
A. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
B. histrionic personality disorder
C. narcissistic personality disorder
D. schizoid personality disorder
A. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.
biological, psychological
What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?
Repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts.
Cultural competence is a therapist’s understanding of, and attention to, ________.
race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment
During the therapist’s first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client’s immediate needs.
intake
Which treatment modality involves 5–10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?
Group therapy
Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?
Confidentiality
Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.
counterconditioning
ECT stands for ________.
electroconvulsive therapy
Who developed client-centered therapy?
Carl Rogers
Who developed psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.
client says whatever comes to mind at the moment
Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?
Play therapy
For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt’s therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small
dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this?
Stimulus hierarchy
The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.
stimulants
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.
severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.
26%
Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?
Psychiatric hospitals
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?
A. clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist
B. client’s characteristics, values, preferences, and culture
C. having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex
D. use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for client’s issue
C. Having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex
