Chapter 14 Flashcards
Who defined stress as, “the response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions”?
Hans Selye
A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.
stressor
Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?
Primary
A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone _______.
anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence
_______ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.
eustress
________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating.
distress
Which kind of psychology seeks to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives?
Positive psychology
Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________.
positive outlook and positive expectations
________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person’s involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.
biofeedback
The concept of perceived control refers to ________.
beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives
Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?
Coping
The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.
meditation
Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.
social support
Which of the following is an example of a stimulus-based definition of stress?
A. Grace experiences stress when she sees the coyote, but Mary thinks the coyote is a dog so she does not experience stress.
B. Laura experiences stress because her heart rate increased when she noticed the spider.
C. Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.
D. Carrie experiences stress because she notices her car is almost out of gas and worries about being stranded on the highway, but then she feels better when she sees a gas station nearby.
C. Caroline experiences stress because she is home alone and hears unusual noises outside.
Which of the following is a good example of a response-based definition of stress?
A. Tony experiences stress when he sees the storm warning, but Pepper is not bothered by thunderstorms so she does not experience stress.
B. Robin experiences stress because he notices his boat is damaged and worries about taking on water, but then he feels better when he sees a Coast Guard ship nearby.
C. Clark experiences stress because his friend plans to shoplift some candy.
D. Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife.
D. Bruce experiences stress because his heart rate increased when he noticed Jack had a knife.
Which of the following is an example of a primary appraisal of a stressor?
A. Mekhi weighs his options on dealing with the bully who is harassing him.
B. Sophia decides to get a divorce because her husband is cheating on her.
C. Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.
D. Ava decides to quit her job because her employer is so unpleasant.
C. Humphrey judges the man with the gun to be a moderate threat.
Which of the following is an example of a secondary appraisal of a stressor?
A. Victoria believes paragliding is a frightening activity.
B. Mahmoud experiences an intense and irrational fear of dogs.
C. Jensen decides the risk of being caught shoplifting is very low, and the risk of being caught during an armed robbery is very high.
D. Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.
D. Berkley believes she can end an argument with her wife by apologizing or buying her wife a gift. She decides apologizing is more effective.
People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline.
distress
Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
cognitive
Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
A. William sleepwalks when he eats too much candy before bed.
B. Sheila almost drowned, but she was able to keep her head out of the water and focus on swimming to shore.
C. A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.
D. Bill collapses by the side of the road after the marathon.
C. A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.
Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
A. It is time for Fallon’s nap, but he cannot fall asleep.
B. Diamond begs her mother for a puppy even after she is told she can’t have one.
C. Patrice can’t stop talking even after her teacher asks her to remain silent.
D. Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.
D. Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.
Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
A. Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree.
B. Betty steps down as class treasurer her senior year because she needs to focus on her grades.
C. Nanette stays up all night to study for her math test.
D. Burt is determined to learn how to play chess, so he spends all his time reading chess books.
A. Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree.
Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________.
daily hassle
Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone’s life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________.
job burnout
Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy’s pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?
Depersonalization
Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.
Type A
A(n) ________ attack is often triggered by environmental factors, such as air pollution, allergens, cigarette smoke, airway infections, cold air or a sudden change in temperature, and exercise.
asthma
Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.
chronic
Oleksiy is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that some of his friends from grad school can’t find work related to art in any way. Which type of coping approach is Oleksiy using?
Emotion Focused
Ashaela is Black, and she is attending a college with a predominately White population. She is the only Black student in several of her classes; last week in her psychology class, another student muttered a racist slur as she passed Ashaela’s desk. Ashaela is attempting to cope by talking to her parents about her heritage and joining the Black Student Union on campus. This exemplifies the ________ strategy for coping with racism.
racial identity
Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of people and situations. Lydia exemplifies ________.
optimism
Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________.
Less stress than someone who has no effective options.
Which of the following statements about the male and female experience of stress is true?
Women report experiencing more stress than men.
Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?
A. The heart is subjected to abnormal pressure
B. The lungs are placed under stress.
C. The immune system is weakened.
D. The thyroid is damaged.
C. The immune system is weakened.
Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases.
significantly elevated rates of heart disease
What is one reason that more affluent individuals may experience better health?
They tend to believe they can personally control and manage their reaction to life’s stressors.
Which of the following is not one of the three aspects of job burnout?
A. Diminished sense of personal accomplishment
B. Depersonalization
C. Wanting to quit
D. exhaustion
C. Wanting to quit
How can a study that involves exposing people to live viruses
demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?
Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick.
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.
forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart
Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated
with heart disease?
A. Heart disease is associated with higher divorce rates, which increases the risk of depression
B. Heart disease is a side effect of prescription drugs that are used to treat depression
C. Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease
D. Both depression and heart disease are caused by stress.
C. Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease
