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OPENSTAX Psychology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

A

semantic

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2
Q

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

A

memory

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3
Q

Encoding information occurs through ________

A

automatic processing and effortful processing

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4
Q

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

A

semantic

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5
Q

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

A

acoustic

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6
Q

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

A

Self-reference effect

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7
Q

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

A

visual

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8
Q

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

A

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

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9
Q

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

A

Explicit memories

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10
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

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11
Q

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

A

retrieval

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12
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

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13
Q

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

A

Sensory

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14
Q

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

A

thinking about the meaning of the new Information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

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15
Q

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

A

Arousal theory

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16
Q

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

A

Suggestibility

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17
Q

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?
A. being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can’t remember the lyrics
B. dreaming about an airport and deciding to take a trip
C. thinking about a bike you plan to buy and having the image of the bike appear in your mind
D. remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES

A

A. Being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can’t remember the lyrics

18
Q

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

A

your first day of school

19
Q

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

A

rehearsal

20
Q

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?
A. being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once
B. dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation
C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
D. thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

A

C. remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

21
Q

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are
referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

A

implicit

22
Q

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

A

recognition

23
Q

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

A

flashbulb memory

24
Q

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

A

retrograde ; anterograde

25
Q

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

A

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

26
Q

Giorgio memorizes the German poem “The Erlking” to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.

A

transience

27
Q

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

A

anterograde

28
Q

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

A

construction ; reconstruction

29
Q

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can’t, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

A

retroactive

30
Q

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
A. amygdala
B. cerebellum
C. hippocampus
D. primary cortex

A

B. cerebellum

31
Q

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

A

chunking

32
Q

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?
A. dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier
B. using the acronym “HOMES” to remember the names of the five Great Lakes
C. using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam
D. drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied

A

Using the acronym “HOMES” to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

33
Q

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

A

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory

34
Q

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

A

Semantic encoding

35
Q

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome?
Police have ________.
A. required new officers to study psychology and learn about false memory syndrome
B. decided to only prosecute cases with DNA evidence
C. spoken to victim advocacy groups to learn more about sensitivity
D. modified the way witnesses are questioned

A

modified the way witnesses are questioned

36
Q

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

A

object recognition and maze running

37
Q

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

A

Another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

38
Q

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

A

Equipotentiality hypotheses

39
Q

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?
A. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories.
B. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories.
C. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory.
D. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

A

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

40
Q

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

A

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful

OPENSTAX Psychology (15 decks)

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