Chapter 2 Flashcards
A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an
explanation for observed phenomena.
theory
Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?
-0.5
In a _____ study, both the researchers and the participants are
unaware of the group assignments
double-blind
Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical Research?
whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
It is complex
________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as
some drop out of the study over time.
attrition
Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be
described as ________.
Case studies
_______, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of
chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.
Jane Goodall
________ assesses the consistency of observations by different Observers.
inter-rater reliability
________ research studies the same groups of participants over
Time.
longitudinal
______ research uses past records or data sets to investigate
research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.
archival research
Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect Conclusions?
experimental
_______ means that there is a relationship between two or more
Variables.
correlation
The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.
-1 to +1
A negative correlation means ________.
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; not same as no correlation
Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation?
-0.9
A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.
scatterplot
A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest
and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
confounding variable
The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.
control
A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure
the variables of interest.
Operational definition
Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This
describes ________.
placebo effect
The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.
independent variable
Harrison et al. are conducting a study assessing the ability of depressed versus non-depressed participants to remember negative emotions in a short story about a family whose car breaks down. They plan to ask participants to read the story and then make a list of the emotions expressed in the story. Before beginning the study, they make a list of negative emotions (e.g., sadness and anger) that they will record from the participants’ responses. In this example, negative emotions are the ______.
dependent variable
A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable Results.
is large and randomly selected
A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are
meaningful differences between two groups in a study.
statistical analysis
Peer reviewers ________.
help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings
________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.
reliability
________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.
validity
________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.
confirmation bias
Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.
designing, conducting, and reviewing
________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.
rodents
An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment.
In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.
debrief participants, deception
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because
________.
participants were not allowed to seek available treatment
________ are subjects of psychological research.
participants
The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.
dependent
A major advantage of case studies is ________
detailed information
________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants
and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
surveys
A(n) _____ case study is conducted by gathering detailed
information about participants who are psychological patients.
clinical
The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between
two variables is to conduct a(n) _______.
experiment
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and
deductive reasoning.
circular
