Chapter 6 Flashcards
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable interval
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule
CS + USC ; continuous
CS - Conditioned Stimulus
USC - Unconditioned Stimulus
What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?
instincts
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
Learning
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
A. controlled conditioning
B. psychic conditioning
C. physiological conditioning
D. classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
In the initial period of learning, _______ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
A. extinction
B. acquisition
C. reflex
D. recovery
Extinction
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
Punishment
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
A. shaping
B. acquisition
C. learning
D. reinforcement
Shaping
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities
Primary
Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?
Edward C. Tolman
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
observational
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
Classical
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
Conditioned Response
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
A. learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class
B. your brother refusing to play with you
C. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters
D. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
Teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
Stimulus Generalization
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A. when a dog refuses to play dead
B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener
C. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl
D. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?
A. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell
B. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
C. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings
D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food
Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is This?
Fixed interval