Chapter 6 Flashcards
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable interval
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule
CS + USC ; continuous
CS - Conditioned Stimulus
USC - Unconditioned Stimulus
What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?
instincts
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
Learning
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
A. controlled conditioning
B. psychic conditioning
C. physiological conditioning
D. classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
In the initial period of learning, _______ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
acquisition
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
A. extinction
B. acquisition
C. reflex
D. recovery
Extinction
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
Punishment
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
A. shaping
B. acquisition
C. learning
D. reinforcement
Shaping
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities
Primary
Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?
Edward C. Tolman
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
observational
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
Classical
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
Conditioned Response
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
A. learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class
B. your brother refusing to play with you
C. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters
D. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
Teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
Stimulus Generalization
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A. when a dog refuses to play dead
B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener
C. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl
D. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?
A. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell
B. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
C. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings
D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food
Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is This?
Fixed interval
Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Fixed ratio
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C. Tolman
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
Variable ratio
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the- year math test. This is an example of ________.
latent learning
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
A. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.
B. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.
C. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.
D. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.
C. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground.
D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
A. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes
B. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons
D. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog
Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
Emotion can be a conditioned response
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?
A. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.
B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
C. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
He is famous for demonstrating the principle of operant conditioning: the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character
receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments
According to Albert Bandura, _______.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
A. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
D. He is considered the founder of behaviorism.
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning
