Chapter 6

Question 1

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

Answer 1

increases

Question 2

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

Answer 2

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Answer 3

Variable interval

Question 4

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule

Answer 4

CS + USC ; continuous

CS - Conditioned Stimulus
USC - Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 5

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

Answer 5

instincts

Question 6

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Answer 6

Learning

Question 7

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
A. controlled conditioning
B. psychic conditioning
C. physiological conditioning
D. classical conditioning

Answer 7

Classical conditioning

Question 8

In the initial period of learning, _______ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 8

acquisition

Question 9

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
A. extinction
B. acquisition
C. reflex
D. recovery

Answer 9

Extinction

Question 10

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Answer 10

Punishment

Question 11

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
A. shaping
B. acquisition
C. learning
D. reinforcement

Answer 11

Shaping

Question 12

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

Answer 12

Primary

Question 13

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Answer 13

Edward C. Tolman

Question 14

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

Answer 14

latent

Question 15

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

Answer 15

observational

Question 16

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Answer 16

negative reinforcement

Question 17

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

Answer 17

Classical

Question 18

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

Answer 18

Conditioned Response

Question 19

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

Answer 19

stimulus discrimination

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
A. learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class
B. your brother refusing to play with you
C. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters
D. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Answer 20

Teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Question 21

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

Answer 21

Stimulus Generalization

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A. when a dog refuses to play dead
B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener
C. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl
D. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Answer 22

When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?
A. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell
B. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
C. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings
D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

Answer 23

Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Question 24

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is This?

Answer 24

Fixed interval

Question 25

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Answer 25

Fixed ratio

Question 26

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Answer 26

Edward C. Tolman

Question 27

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Answer 27

Variable ratio

Question 28

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

Answer 28

cognitive map

Question 29

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the- year math test. This is an example of ________.

Answer 29

latent learning

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
A. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.
B. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.
C. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.
D. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Answer 30

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.
C. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground.
D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast

Answer 31

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
A. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes
B. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons
D. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog

Answer 32

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Question 33

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Answer 33

Emotion can be a conditioned response

Question 34

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

Answer 34

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

Question 35

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?
A. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.
B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
C. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

Answer 35

He is famous for demonstrating the principle of operant conditioning: the motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Question 36

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

Answer 36

after seeing a television character
receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Question 37

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with dogs?

Answer 37

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 38

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Answer 38

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

Question 39

According to Albert Bandura, _______.

Answer 39

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say

Question 40

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
A. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.
D. He is considered the founder of behaviorism.

Answer 40

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning