Chapter 1 Flashcards
Psychology refers to the ________.
study of mind and behavior
Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
Scientific theory
Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.
the relationships between brain function and behavior, and the environment and behavior,
The empirical method of study is based on ________.
observation
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?
Wilhelm Wundt
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines
________ as objectively as possible.
her own conscious experience
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on _______ and
early childhood experiences
the role of a person’s unconscious
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
study the function of behavior
Behaviorists study ________
learned behavior
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
humanism
What is Abraham Maslow best known for?
Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?
Francis Cecil Sumner
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
Hypothesis
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________
perceivable and measurable
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ________
Gestalt psychology
I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don’t like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph’s behavior.
operant conditioning
Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?
Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.
Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.
biopsychologist
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding _______
the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying _______
how we think
Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
Developmental psychology
In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.
five-factor
Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of
________.
personality
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
social psychology
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________
studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.
neuroticism
Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health Psychology?
Whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese
Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking Psychotherapy?
Carl Rogers
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
Clinical psychology
Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?
Knowing your opinion is correct
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.
According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.
the use of reinforcement and punishment
Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait?
A. Greg eats a cupcake.
B. Marsha has three children.
C. Ida is charming
D. James has blue eyes.
Ida is charming
In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures,
Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?
Youthful looks provide fertility clues
In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?
Populations of developed nations are living longer
According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
Interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram’s obedience research?
Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure
Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?
Male bias exists in science
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.
