Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychology refers to the ________.

Answer 1

study of mind and behavior

Question 2

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

Answer 2

Scientific theory

Question 3

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.

Answer 3

the relationships between brain function and behavior, and the environment and behavior,

Question 4

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

Answer 4

observation

Question 5

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Answer 5

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 6

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines
________ as objectively as possible.

Answer 6

her own conscious experience

Question 7

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on _______ and
early childhood experiences

Answer 7

the role of a person’s unconscious

Question 8

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.

Answer 8

study the function of behavior

Question 9

Behaviorists study ________

Answer 9

learned behavior

Question 10

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.

Answer 10

humanism

Question 11

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

Answer 11

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Question 12

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?

Answer 12

Francis Cecil Sumner

Question 13

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

Answer 13

Hypothesis

Question 14

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________

Answer 14

perceivable and measurable

Question 15

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

Answer 15

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Question 16

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ________

Answer 16

Gestalt psychology

Question 17

I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don’t like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph’s behavior.

Answer 17

operant conditioning

Question 18

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive regard component of client-centered therapy?

Answer 18

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment.

Question 19

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.

Answer 19

biopsychologist

Question 20

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding _______

Answer 20

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Question 21

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying _______

Answer 21

how we think

Question 22

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

Answer 22

Developmental psychology

Question 23

In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion.

Answer 23

five-factor

Question 24

Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of
________.

Answer 24

personality

Question 25

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

Answer 25

social psychology

Question 26

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________

Answer 26

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Question 27

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.

Answer 27

neuroticism

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health Psychology?

Answer 28

Whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Question 29

Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking Psychotherapy?

Answer 29

Carl Rogers

Question 30

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

Answer 30

Clinical psychology

Question 31

Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?

Answer 31

Knowing your opinion is correct

Question 32

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

Answer 32

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Question 33

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.

Answer 33

the use of reinforcement and punishment

Question 34

Which of the following exemplifies a personality trait? A. Greg eats a cupcake. B. Marsha has three children. C. Ida is charming D. James has blue eyes.

Answer 34

Ida is charming

Question 35

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?

Answer 35

Youthful looks provide fertility clues

Question 36

In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?

Answer 36

Populations of developed nations are living longer

Question 37

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?

Answer 37

Interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Question 38

What was the primary conclusion of Stanley Milgram’s obedience research?

Answer 38

Average people will harm others if told to do so by an authority figure

Question 39

Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?

Answer 39

Male bias exists in science

Question 40

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

Answer 40

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.