Chapter 10

Question 1

Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.

Answer 1

homeostasis

Question 2

________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards.

Answer 2

extrinsic motivation

Question 3

________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.

Answer 3

motivation

Question 4

________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.

Answer 4

Anorexia nervosa

Question 5

Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?

Answer 5

The set-point theory

Question 6

________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.

Answer 6

intrinsic

Question 7

Body dysmorphia is a ________.

Answer 7

distorted body image

Question 8

The satiety hormone is called ________

Answer 8

Leptin

Question 9

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A. Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

B. Humans experience a spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization.

C. An individual’s belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task influences his ability to complete the task.

D. Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis.

Answer 9

A. Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

Question 10

A person’s ________ rate is the amount of energy she expends in a given period of time.

Answer 10

metabolic

Question 11

________ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.

Answer 11

Bisexual

Question 12

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?

A. retroactive period

B. resolution

C. plateau

D. refractory period

Answer 12

D. Refractory period

Question 13

The ________ response cycle includes four phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Answer 13

sexual

Question 14

________ dysphoria is a diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify with the cultural expectations associated with their biological sex.

Answer 14

gender

Question 15

The ________ complex is the part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory.

Answer 15

basolateral

Question 16

The facial ________ hypothesis states that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions.

Answer 16

facial feedback

Question 17

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________.

Answer 17

physiological and cognitive

Question 18

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.

Answer 18

Biological; Social

Question 19

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that it is the right thing todo. Cici becomes a foster parent because of ________ motivation.

Answer 19

Intrinsic

Question 20

An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________.

Answer 20

instinct

Question 21

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________.

Answer 21

homeostasis

Question 22

A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

Answer 22

emotion; mood

Question 23

Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated
behavior?

A. Attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do.

B. Behaving to avoid being punished.

C. Misbehaving in order to get attention.

D. Working at a job you hate in order to afford school.

Answer 23

A. Attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do.

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?

A. Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting.

B. Tapping the knee with a hammer results in the leg suddenly kicking

C. Darkening a room makes it easier to sleep.

D. Sleep leads to dreaming.

Answer 24

A. Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting.

Question 25

Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe? A. When we are sleepy we should sleep; when we are hungry we should eat B. We become accustomed to excitement and learn to enjoy it. C. We become accustomed to boredom and learn to enjoy it. D. When we are bored we look for excitement, when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.

Answer 25

D. When we are bored we look for excitement, when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.

Question 26

Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Answer 26

Physiological

Question 27

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior? A. Babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval. B. Dating an abusive partner because you believe you don't deserve good treatment. C. Jerking your hand back from a hot burner. D. Mowing your elderly neighbor's lawn because you believe it is the right thing to do.

Answer 27

A. Babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of the overjustification effect? A. Children are unable to justify why they play with toys until a researcher explains intrinsic motivation to them. B. Children do not enjoy playing with learning toys until they find out they will be better at math after playing with the toys. C. Children enjoy playing with toys more when they get to play with toys they have never seen before. D. Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid.

Answer 28

D. Children enjoy playing with toys until they are told they will get paid to play with toys. They may still play with toys to get paid, but they view it differently because they are getting paid.

Question 29

The ________ complex and the central ________ are both part of the amygdala.

Answer 29

basolateral; nucleus

Question 30

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? A. Judd does not believe he is good at math. B. Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school. C. Stacia thinks that Tammy underestimates her abilities. D. Tony knows that Yancy frequently brags about his accomplishments.

Answer 30

Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.

Question 31

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Answer 31

esteem

Question 32

Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________.

Answer 32

physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger

Question 33

If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe the ________.

Answer 33

facial feedback hypothesis

Question 34

Amy is a woman who feels emotional and sexual attraction for other women but not towards men. Amy is ________.

Answer 34

homosexual

Question 35

Research shows that receiving some sort of extrinsic reinforcement for engaging in behaviors that we enjoy leads to those behaviors ________.

Answer 35

no longer providing that same enjoyment

Question 36

Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion? A. According to the James-Lange theory, facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, facial expressions are incapable of influencing our emotions. B. According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor. C. According to the James-Lange theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal. D. According to the James-Lange theory, our appraisal of the stimulus determines our cognitions, which then influence our emotions; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus.

Answer 36

B. According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.

Question 37

Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis? A. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that it is possible to influence our emotions while the facial feedback hypothesis does not. B. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not. C. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions. D. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our facial expressions influence our emotions, and the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our emotions influence our facial expressions.

Answer 37

B. The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not.

Question 38

Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa? A. Anorexia is associated with binge eating, and bulimia is associated with starvation. B. Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating. C. More men than women suffer from anorexia. D. More men than women suffer from bulimia.

Answer 38

B. Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.

Question 39

What is the main idea of drive theory?

Answer 39

Achieving homeostasis requires increasing the metabolic rate.

Question 40

Some studies show that ________ motivation may not be entirely vulnerable to the effects of extrinsic reinforcements; in fact, reinforcements such as verbal praise might actually increase ________ motivation.

Answer 40

intrinsic; intrinsic