Chapter 11

Question 1

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Answer 1

Sigmund Freud

Question 2

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

Answer 2

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

Question 3

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.

Answer 3

selective migration

Question 4

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

Answer 4

trait

Question 5

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

Answer 5

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Question 6

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

Answer 6

Heritability

Question 7

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

Answer 7

ectomorph

Question 8

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Answer 8

Albert Bandura

Question 9

Self-efficacy is ________.

Answer 9

our level of confidence in our own abilities

Question 10

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

Answer 10

B.F. Skinner

Question 11

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Answer 11

Julian Rotter

Question 12

An archetype is a ________.

Answer 12

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

Question 13

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Answer 13

Karen Horney

Question 14

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.

Answer 14

persona

Question 15

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn’t measure up to the standards of others or of society.

Answer 15

inferiority

Question 16

In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?

Answer 16

Yellow bile from the liver

Question 17

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Answer 17

Five Factor Model

Question 18

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

Answer 18

id

Question 19

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture.

Answer 19

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Question 20

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

Answer 20

choleric

Question 21

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Answer 21

Regression

Question 22

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual’s clinical profile.

Answer 22

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Question 23

If parents are too lenient in the _______ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

Answer 23

anal

Question 24

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person’s unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Answer 24

Rorschach

Question 25

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other- sex parent).

Answer 25

genital

Question 26

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.

Answer 26

phlegmatic

Question 27

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

Answer 27

Extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Question 28

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

Answer 28

Archetype

Question 29

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

Answer 29

Moving against people

Question 30

In Albert Bandura’s social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________.

Answer 30

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Question 31

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn’t pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

Answer 31

high self-efficacy

Question 32

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

Answer 32

an internal locus of control

Question 33

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn’t get the internship because the manager didn’t like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.

Answer 33

an external locus of control

Question 34

As the “third force” in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists’ view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

Answer 34

humanism

Question 35

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Answer 35

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Question 36

Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud’s theory of development?

A. government censorship

B. first wave feminism

C. widespread anti-Semitism

D. climate of sexual repression

Answer 36

D. Climate of sexual repression

Question 37

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler’s main contributions to personality theory?

A. the theory that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

B. the idea that men have womb envy

C. advocating for analytical psychology

D. suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Answer 37

D. Suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Question 38

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?

A. moving away from people

B. moving toward people

C. moving with people

D. moving against people

Answer 38

C. Moving with people

Question 39

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Answer 39

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities

Question 40

How are the principles of reciprocal determinism present in observational learning?

Answer 40

Personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate.

Question 41

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Answer 41

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?