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OPENSTAX Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

A

Melatonin

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2
Q

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

A

Circadian Rhythm

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3
Q

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

A

sleep

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4
Q

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

A

alpha

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5
Q

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

A

Stage 2

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6
Q

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

A

Sigmund Freud

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7
Q

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

A

Rosalind Cartwright

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8
Q

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________

A

outside periods of REM sleep

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9
Q

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.

A

Parasomnias

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10
Q

Sleep apnea is defined by ________.

A

abnormal reductions in breathing while a person is asleep

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11
Q

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness?

A

John Hobson

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12
Q

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

A

parasomnias

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13
Q

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________

A

consciousness

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14
Q

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?
A. Mercy, unconscious after being hit on the head
B. Petro, immediately before entering REM sleep
C. Jenna, competing in a marathon
D. Samuel, sleepwalking in the middle of the night

A

Jenna, competing in a marathon

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15
Q

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of _______ stimuli.

A

internal

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16
Q

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

A

circadian

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17
Q

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

A

jet lag

18
Q

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

A

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

19
Q

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

A

Evolutionary

20
Q

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

A

REM

21
Q

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.

A

manifest

22
Q

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

A

Restless

23
Q

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

A

changes in normal bodily function

24
Q

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

A

depressant

25
Q

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

A

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

26
Q

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

A

Psychological dependence

27
Q

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

A

stimulant

28
Q

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

A

opioid

29
Q

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn’t notice. This state was induced through ________.

A

hypnosis

30
Q

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

A

Feelings of intense elation and pleasure

31
Q

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

A

hallucinogenic

32
Q

________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

A

Dissociative

33
Q

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

A

darkness, light

34
Q

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

A

1

35
Q

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

A

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

36
Q

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

A

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control

37
Q

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.

A

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness.

38
Q

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?
A. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function.
B. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.
C. Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms.
D. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity.

A

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

39
Q

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift?

A

Expose yourself to bright light while working

40
Q

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

A

Stage 1 sleep is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.

OPENSTAX Psychology (15 decks)

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