Chapter 3

Question 1

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.

Answer 2

the effect of genes on the environment and population

Question 3

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

Answer 3

chromosomes, DNA

Question 4

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.

Answer 4

more than one gene

Question 5

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

Answer 5

Range of reaction

Question 6

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

Answer 6

terminal buttons, synaptic vesicles

Question 7

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________

Answer 7

glial cell

Question 8

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

Answer 8

synapse

Question 9

Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________.

Answer 9

receptors, receptors

Question 10

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular
and extracellular space of a neuron.

Answer 10

membrane potential

Question 11

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration
outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the
cell.

Answer 11

increase

Question 12

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the
cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

Answer 12

Action potential

Question 13

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.

Answer 13

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Question 14

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms
by restoring ________ balance.

Answer 14

neurotransmitter

Question 15

_______ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain
modulation.

Answer 15

beta-endorphin

Question 16

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly
prescribed for ________.

Answer 16

depression

Question 17

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

Answer 17

central, peripheral nervous systems

Question 18

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as
pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

Answer 18

sympathetic

Question 19

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are
associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or
voluntary.

Answer 19

somatic

Question 20

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.

Answer 20

billions

Question 21

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

Answer 21

spinal cord

Question 22

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
A. Broca’s area
B. hippocampus
C. thalamus
D. Wernicke’s area

Answer 22

Broca’s area

Question 23

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage’s accident, which led to brain injury?

Answer 23

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

Question 24

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________

Answer 24

sensory information

Question 25

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

Answer 25

Temporal

Question 26

Broca’s area is located in which lobe of the brain?

Answer 26

The frontal lobe

Question 27

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

Answer 27

Audition

Question 28

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?
A. Smell
B. Audition
C. Taste
D. Vision

Answer 28

Smell

Question 29

Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?
A. hypothalamus
B. hippocampus
C. amygdala
D. substantia nigra

Answer 29

Substantia nigra

Question 30

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying
emotional meaning to our memories.

Answer 30

amygdala

Question 31

The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes
structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

Answer 31

midbrain

Question 32

Jeremy has Parkinson’s disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy’s ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

Answer 32

substantia nigra, dopamine

Question 33

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction,
and motor behavior.

Answer 33

dopamine

Question 34

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and
forebrain.

Answer 34

reticular formation

Question 35

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and
structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and
motor skills.

Answer 35

cerebellum

Question 36

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

Answer 36

Groan and move her eyes

Question 37

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person’s head in order to record brainwaves.

Answer 37

electroencephalography

Question 38

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.

Answer 38

hormones

Question 39

The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.

Answer 39

fast, long lasting

Question 40

During the fight or flight response, which of the following
endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

Answer 40

Adrenal glands

Question 41

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

Answer 41

pituitary

Question 42

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

Answer 42

evolution by natural selection

Question 43

Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.

Answer 43

folds, grooves