Chapter 3 Flashcards
A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.
Genetics
Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.
the effect of genes on the environment and population
Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.
chromosomes, DNA
Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.
more than one gene
________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.
Range of reaction
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
terminal buttons, synaptic vesicles
The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________
glial cell
The space between two neurons is called the ________.
synapse
Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________.
receptors, receptors
The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular
and extracellular space of a neuron.
membrane potential
In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration
outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the
cell.
increase
________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the
cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.
Action potential
A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.
undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration
Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms
by restoring ________ balance.
neurotransmitter
_______ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain
modulation.
beta-endorphin
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly
prescribed for ________.
depression
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
central, peripheral nervous systems
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as
pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
sympathetic
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are
associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or
voluntary.
somatic
The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.
billions
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.
spinal cord
Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
A. Broca’s area
B. hippocampus
C. thalamus
D. Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage’s accident, which led to brain injury?
Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.
The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________
sensory information
The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?
Temporal
Broca’s area is located in which lobe of the brain?
The frontal lobe
Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?
Audition
Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?
A. Smell
B. Audition
C. Taste
D. Vision
Smell
Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?
A. hypothalamus
B. hippocampus
C. amygdala
D. substantia nigra
Substantia nigra
The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying
emotional meaning to our memories.
amygdala
The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes
structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
midbrain
Jeremy has Parkinson’s disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy’s ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.
substantia nigra, dopamine
________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction,
and motor behavior.
dopamine
The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and
forebrain.
reticular formation
The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and
structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and
motor skills.
cerebellum
Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?
Groan and move her eyes
________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person’s head in order to record brainwaves.
electroencephalography
The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.
hormones
The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.
fast, long lasting
During the fight or flight response, which of the following
endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?
Adrenal glands
The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.
pituitary
The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.
evolution by natural selection
Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.
folds, grooves
